MODULE 7: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

endocrine vs exocrine

Answer 1

endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells. The hormone.

exocrine: these glands secrete products into a duct system

Question 2

5 endocrine glands

Answer 2

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas

Question 3

a small gland at the base of the brain that extends from the hypothalamus. known as the master gland. produces and released hormones that control all other endocrine glands

Answer 3

pituitary gland

Question 4

this gland sits anterior to the trachea and produce hormones important for metabolism. also involved in calcium homeostasis

Answer 4

thyroid gland

Question 5

four small oval glands situated on the back of the thyroid gland. involved i. the maintenance of calcium homeostasis

Answer 5

parathyroid gland

Question 6

these glands sit on top of each kidney, known as suprarenal gland. important roles in the production of corticosteroids, as well as the maintenance of fluid balance

Answer 6

adrenal glands

Question 7

corticosteroids

Answer 7

a group of steroid hormones produces by the cortex of the adrenal gland that are responsible for several functions such as glucose metabolism, sex characteristics, and electrolyte balance of body fluids

Question 8

both and endocrine and exocrine gland. located posterior to the stomach. extending from the duodenum to the spleen. main function is to control sugar levels in the blood

Answer 8

pancreas

Question 9

the communication of which glands with which part of the brain allows for communication between the nervous and endocrine system

Answer 9

the contact between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Question 10

hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Answer 10

TSH
PRL
ACTH
GH
FSH AND LH
MSH

Question 11

hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophis)

Answer 11

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

Question 12

histology of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 12

made of glandular tissue, appears darker in colour than the posterior lobe

Question 13

histology of the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 13

composed of nervous tissue, appears lighter in colour than anterior lobe

Question 14

parts of the thyroid

Answer 14

right lobe
isthmus
left lobe

Question 15

histology of the thyroid

Answer 15

thyroid gland is composed of many structures called follicles. each follicle is lined with simple cuboidal follicular cells that surround a central lumen filled with colloid. dispersed between between follicles are the c cells

Question 16

roles of thyroid follicular cell and histology

Answer 16

simple cuboidal cells surround each follicle. these cells produce thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 17

roles of thyroid hormone T3 and T4

Answer 17

increases the rate of metabolism and oxygen consumptions

Question 18

role of c cells

Answer 18

important for calcium homeostasis, produces calcitonin,

Question 19

role of calcitonin

Answer 19

lowers the blood calcium concentration

Question 20

what pituitary gland hormone causes goitre when present in excess

Answer 20

TSH

Question 21

histology of the parathyroid gland

Answer 21

mostly made up of chief cells

Question 22

role of principle or chief cells

Answer 22

they produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which acts to increase calcium ion concentration in blood

Question 23

divisions of the adrenal glands

Answer 23

the medulla and the cortex

Question 24

divisions of the adrenal glands

Answer 24

the medulla and the cortex

Question 25

adrenal cortex layers and what hormones they produce

Answer 25

outer layer - mineralocorticoide
middle layer - glucocorticoids
inner layer - androgens

Question 26

hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

Answer 26

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 27

location of the pancreas

Answer 27

lies posterior to the stomach, which it’s medial end or head reaching the duodenum and lateral end tail extending into the spleen.

Question 28

____ cells produce insulin and ____ cells produce glucagon

Answer 28

beta cells, alpha cells

Question 29

the regions of the pancreas that contain endocrine cells are called

Answer 29

the isles of langerhan

Question 30

the parafollicular gland in the thyroid gland contains ____ which produces____ which ____ blood calcium levels

Answer 30

c cells, calcitonin, lowers

Question 31

the parathyroid hormone contains_____cells which secrete______ which _____ blood calcium concentration

Answer 31

chief, para thyroid hormone, increase