MODULE 7: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards
endocrine vs exocrine
endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells. The hormone.
exocrine: these glands secrete products into a duct system
5 endocrine glands
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
a small gland at the base of the brain that extends from the hypothalamus. known as the master gland. produces and released hormones that control all other endocrine glands
pituitary gland
this gland sits anterior to the trachea and produce hormones important for metabolism. also involved in calcium homeostasis
thyroid gland
four small oval glands situated on the back of the thyroid gland. involved i. the maintenance of calcium homeostasis
parathyroid gland
these glands sit on top of each kidney, known as suprarenal gland. important roles in the production of corticosteroids, as well as the maintenance of fluid balance
adrenal glands
corticosteroids
a group of steroid hormones produces by the cortex of the adrenal gland that are responsible for several functions such as glucose metabolism, sex characteristics, and electrolyte balance of body fluids
both and endocrine and exocrine gland. located posterior to the stomach. extending from the duodenum to the spleen. main function is to control sugar levels in the blood
pancreas
the communication of which glands with which part of the brain allows for communication between the nervous and endocrine system
the contact between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
TSH
PRL
ACTH
GH
FSH AND LH
MSH
hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophis)
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
histology of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
made of glandular tissue, appears darker in colour than the posterior lobe
histology of the posterior pituitary gland
composed of nervous tissue, appears lighter in colour than anterior lobe
parts of the thyroid
right lobe
isthmus
left lobe
histology of the thyroid
thyroid gland is composed of many structures called follicles. each follicle is lined with simple cuboidal follicular cells that surround a central lumen filled with colloid. dispersed between between follicles are the c cells
roles of thyroid follicular cell and histology
simple cuboidal cells surround each follicle. these cells produce thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
roles of thyroid hormone T3 and T4
increases the rate of metabolism and oxygen consumptions
role of c cells
important for calcium homeostasis, produces calcitonin,
role of calcitonin
lowers the blood calcium concentration
what pituitary gland hormone causes goitre when present in excess
TSH
histology of the parathyroid gland
mostly made up of chief cells
role of principle or chief cells
they produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which acts to increase calcium ion concentration in blood
divisions of the adrenal glands
the medulla and the cortex
divisions of the adrenal glands
the medulla and the cortex
adrenal cortex layers and what hormones they produce
outer layer - mineralocorticoide
middle layer - glucocorticoids
inner layer - androgens
hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
location of the pancreas
lies posterior to the stomach, which it’s medial end or head reaching the duodenum and lateral end tail extending into the spleen.
____ cells produce insulin and ____ cells produce glucagon
beta cells, alpha cells
the regions of the pancreas that contain endocrine cells are called
the isles of langerhan
the parafollicular gland in the thyroid gland contains ____ which produces____ which ____ blood calcium levels
c cells, calcitonin, lowers
the parathyroid hormone contains_____cells which secrete______ which _____ blood calcium concentration
chief, para thyroid hormone, increase
