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anat 100 > MODULE 8: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

MODULE 8: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

physical characteristics of blood

A

-viscosity 4x water
- temperature 38°c
- ph levels 7.35
- volume in an individual 5L

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2
Q

main components of blood

A

plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

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3
Q

components of plasma

A

plasma proteins( 7%)
inorganic salts (1%)
water (92%)

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4
Q

components of plasma

A

plasma proteins( 7%)
inorganic salts (1%)
water (92%)

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5
Q

what are the three formed elements in blood

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
thrombocytes (platelets)
leukocytes (white blood cells)

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6
Q

knows as red blood cells, contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
- lack nuclei
- life span approx 120 days

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

known as platelets
smallest formed elements
function is hemostasis (stop bleeding)
- lack nuclei
- round shaped disks
- originate from megakaryocyyes in red bone marrow

A

thrombocytes

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8
Q

known as white blood cells
contain a nucleus
does not contain hemoglobin
further divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

a division of leukocytes. common features are granules in the cytoplasm and a segmented or lobed nucleus.

A

granulocytes

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10
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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11
Q

the most abundant cell type as they make up 60-70% of all white blood cells. they are the first line of defence against bacterial invasion and they are phagocytic outside the blood, meaning they engulf bacteria, particles, and other cells

A

neutrophils

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12
Q

this division of granulocytes make up 2-4% of all white blood cells. they help defend the body against allergic reactions or parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

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13
Q

these are the least common type of granulocytes, making up less than 1% of white blood cells. the heparin and histamine in the granules are released during inflammatory or allergic reactions

A

basophils

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14
Q

this type of leukocyte (white blood cells) lacks granules in the cytoplasm and a have a nucleus that is round or indented.

A

agranulocytes

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15
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

this type of agranuloctye account for 20-30% of white blood cells and are similar in size to red blood cells. these are involved in the branch of the immune system that attacks pathogens and abnormal cells.

A

lymphocytes

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17
Q

this type of agranulocytes account for 3-8% of white blood cells and are very large in size. they can move outside the blood vessels into tissue where they change into large phagocytic cells called macrophages and act as a part of the immune system

A

monocytes

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18
Q

structure of blood vessels

A

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

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19
Q

this outer layer of the blood vessel is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres

A

tunica externa

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20
Q

this outer layer of the blood vessel is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres

A

tunica externa

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21
Q

this middle layer of the blood vessel is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

A

tunica media

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22
Q

this inner layer of the blood vessel is composed of simple squamous epithelium or endothelium

A

tunica intima

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23
Q

the two different types of blood vessels

A

arteries and veins

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24
Q

main characteristics of veins

A
  • larger lumen compared to arteries
  • far less muscle in the tunica media compared to arteries
  • they have one way valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards
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25
Q

types of arteries in the arterial system

A
  • elastic artery
  • muscular artery
  • arteriole
26
Q

what are capillaries

A
  • smallest blood vessels
  • the transition between arterioles and venules
  • consist of only the tunica intima plus a thin basement membrane
27
Q

these are the large arteries near the heart, such as the aorta.
main characteristics of this type of artery include
- large lumen
- tunica media has more elastic fibres
- exhibit stretching and recoiling characteristics

A

elastic artery

28
Q

this type of artery delivers blood to various regions and organs of the body. main characteristics include
- thick tunica media with lots of smooth muscle
- exhibit contractile characteristics

A

muscular artery

29
Q

this type of artery delivers blood to various regions and organs of the body. main characteristics include
- thick tunica media with lots of smooth muscle
- exhibit contractile characteristics

A

muscular artery

30
Q

how much blood volume resides in the arterial system vs the venous system

A

30-35% resides in arterial system
65-70% resides in venous system

31
Q

how much blood volume resides in the arterial system vs the venous system

A

30-35% resides in arterial system
65-70% resides in venous system

32
Q

types of circulation

A

pulmonary and systemic

33
Q

pulmonary system

A

carried deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, and returns oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart

34
Q

systemic circulation

A

carrie’s oxygenated blood from the heart to other organ systems or tissues except the lungs. deoxygenated blood from tissues return to the heart

35
Q

where does the heart reside

A

in the mediastinum

36
Q

where does the heart reside

A

in the mediastinum

37
Q

the inferior and lateral portion of the heart on the left is known as

A

the apex

38
Q

types of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

39
Q

types of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

40
Q

this type of pericardium is divided into the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

A

serous pericardium

41
Q

the most external protective covering of the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

42
Q

pericardial fluid does what

A

decreased friction between the two layers of serous pericardium when the heart beats

43
Q

chambers of the heart

A

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

44
Q

atria of the heart v

A

interatrial septum
fossa ovalis
auricles
atrioventricular grooves

45
Q

the wall between the left and right atria where the fossa ovalis is found

A

interatrial septum

46
Q

a depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium.

A

fossa ovalis

47
Q

extensions or pouches that project above the chambers of left and right atria, increasing the capacity of each atrium

A

auricles

48
Q

a depression between the atria and ventricles encircling the heart, also known as the coronary sulcus. this separates the atria from the ventricles externally, also houses the coronary vessels.

A

atrioventricular groove

49
Q

ventricles

A

interventricular sulcus
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
papillary muscle

50
Q

function of the right ventricle

A

to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated

51
Q

function of the left ventricle

A

pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

52
Q

located between the right atrium and right ventricle. this valve has structures known as chordate tendinae which are thin strands of collagen fibres that attach to the papillary muscles

A

tricuspid valve

53
Q

this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, also known as mitral valve. controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

A

biscuspid valve

54
Q

located between the left ventricle and aorta. controls blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

55
Q

a valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

56
Q

vessels draining blood into the heart

A

pulmonary veins
superior vena cava
coronary sinus
inferior vena cava

57
Q

drains oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

58
Q

drains deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

A

superior vena cava

59
Q

drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

60
Q

drains the deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium

A

inferior vena cava

61
Q

flow of oxygenated blood

A

lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta

62
Q

flow of deoxygenated blood

A

body > superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries

anat 100 (8 decks)

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