MODULE 8: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
physical characteristics of blood
-viscosity 4x water
- temperature 38°c
- ph levels 7.35
- volume in an individual 5L
main components of blood
plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
components of plasma
plasma proteins( 7%)
inorganic salts (1%)
water (92%)
components of plasma
plasma proteins( 7%)
inorganic salts (1%)
water (92%)
what are the three formed elements in blood
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
thrombocytes (platelets)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
knows as red blood cells, contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
- lack nuclei
- life span approx 120 days
erythrocytes
known as platelets
smallest formed elements
function is hemostasis (stop bleeding)
- lack nuclei
- round shaped disks
- originate from megakaryocyyes in red bone marrow
thrombocytes
known as white blood cells
contain a nucleus
does not contain hemoglobin
further divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
leukocytes
a division of leukocytes. common features are granules in the cytoplasm and a segmented or lobed nucleus.
granulocytes
what are the three types of granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
the most abundant cell type as they make up 60-70% of all white blood cells. they are the first line of defence against bacterial invasion and they are phagocytic outside the blood, meaning they engulf bacteria, particles, and other cells
neutrophils
this division of granulocytes make up 2-4% of all white blood cells. they help defend the body against allergic reactions or parasitic infections
eosinophils
these are the least common type of granulocytes, making up less than 1% of white blood cells. the heparin and histamine in the granules are released during inflammatory or allergic reactions
basophils
this type of leukocyte (white blood cells) lacks granules in the cytoplasm and a have a nucleus that is round or indented.
agranulocytes
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
this type of agranuloctye account for 20-30% of white blood cells and are similar in size to red blood cells. these are involved in the branch of the immune system that attacks pathogens and abnormal cells.
lymphocytes
this type of agranulocytes account for 3-8% of white blood cells and are very large in size. they can move outside the blood vessels into tissue where they change into large phagocytic cells called macrophages and act as a part of the immune system
monocytes
structure of blood vessels
tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima
this outer layer of the blood vessel is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres
tunica externa
this outer layer of the blood vessel is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres
tunica externa
this middle layer of the blood vessel is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
tunica media
this inner layer of the blood vessel is composed of simple squamous epithelium or endothelium
tunica intima
the two different types of blood vessels
arteries and veins
main characteristics of veins
- larger lumen compared to arteries
- far less muscle in the tunica media compared to arteries
- they have one way valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards
types of arteries in the arterial system
- elastic artery
- muscular artery
- arteriole
what are capillaries
- smallest blood vessels
- the transition between arterioles and venules
- consist of only the tunica intima plus a thin basement membrane
these are the large arteries near the heart, such as the aorta.
main characteristics of this type of artery include
- large lumen
- tunica media has more elastic fibres
- exhibit stretching and recoiling characteristics
elastic artery
this type of artery delivers blood to various regions and organs of the body. main characteristics include
- thick tunica media with lots of smooth muscle
- exhibit contractile characteristics
muscular artery
this type of artery delivers blood to various regions and organs of the body. main characteristics include
- thick tunica media with lots of smooth muscle
- exhibit contractile characteristics
muscular artery
how much blood volume resides in the arterial system vs the venous system
30-35% resides in arterial system
65-70% resides in venous system
how much blood volume resides in the arterial system vs the venous system
30-35% resides in arterial system
65-70% resides in venous system
types of circulation
pulmonary and systemic
pulmonary system
carried deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, and returns oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart
systemic circulation
carrie’s oxygenated blood from the heart to other organ systems or tissues except the lungs. deoxygenated blood from tissues return to the heart
where does the heart reside
in the mediastinum
where does the heart reside
in the mediastinum
the inferior and lateral portion of the heart on the left is known as
the apex
types of pericardium
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
types of pericardium
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
this type of pericardium is divided into the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium
serous pericardium
the most external protective covering of the heart
fibrous pericardium
pericardial fluid does what
decreased friction between the two layers of serous pericardium when the heart beats
chambers of the heart
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
atria of the heart v
interatrial septum
fossa ovalis
auricles
atrioventricular grooves
the wall between the left and right atria where the fossa ovalis is found
interatrial septum
a depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium.
fossa ovalis
extensions or pouches that project above the chambers of left and right atria, increasing the capacity of each atrium
auricles
a depression between the atria and ventricles encircling the heart, also known as the coronary sulcus. this separates the atria from the ventricles externally, also houses the coronary vessels.
atrioventricular groove
ventricles
interventricular sulcus
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
papillary muscle
function of the right ventricle
to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated
function of the left ventricle
pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
located between the right atrium and right ventricle. this valve has structures known as chordate tendinae which are thin strands of collagen fibres that attach to the papillary muscles
tricuspid valve
this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, also known as mitral valve. controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle
biscuspid valve
located between the left ventricle and aorta. controls blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
a valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
vessels draining blood into the heart
pulmonary veins
superior vena cava
coronary sinus
inferior vena cava
drains oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary veins
drains deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium
superior vena cava
drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium
coronary sinus
drains the deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium
inferior vena cava
flow of oxygenated blood
lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta
flow of deoxygenated blood
body > superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries
