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Patho Final > Module 9: Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Module 9: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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2
Q

Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
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3
Q

Diagnostic Tests for digestive system disorders

A
  • X-ray (often using contrast)
  • CT
  • MRI
  • Sigmoidoscopy
  • Colonoscopy
  • Lab specimens (stool, gastric washing)
  • Blood tests (serum protein, liver enzymes)
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4
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Occurs when part of the stomach protrudes through the opening of the diaphragm

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5
Q

Cause of Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Injury to area
  • Persistent pressure/ straining in abdomen
  • Weakness in diaphgram
  • Age related changes
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6
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Inflammation of mucosa
  • Dysphagia
  • Heartburn
  • Frequent burping
  • Discomfort laying down after eating, bending over, coughing
  • Reflux
  • Mild chest pain
  • Incompetent gastroesophageal sphincter
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7
Q

Treatment of Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Symptoms can be reduced by eating frequent, small meals
  • Avoid the recumbent position after meals
  • Medication
  • Surgery
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8
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A
  • Involves the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus
  • often seen in conjunction with a hiatal hernia
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9
Q

Causes of GERD

A
  • Intraabdominal pressure
  • Delayed gastric emptying
  • Pressure on either side of lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
  • Obesity
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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms of GERD

A
  • Inflammation or ulceration of mucosa
  • Damage to esophagus
  • Dysphagia
  • Heartburn
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11
Q

Treatment of GERD

A
  • Eliminating factors that affect LES pressure (coffee, alcohol, smoking, fatty foods)
  • Avoid spicy foods
  • Medications
  • Surgery
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12
Q

Gastritis

A
  • Inflammation of the stomach

- Can be acute or chronic

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13
Q

Cause of Gastritis

A
  • Infection
  • Allergies
  • Ingestion of irritating foods
  • Excessive alcohol intake
  • Ingestion of corrosive or toxic substances
  • Radiation/chemotherapy
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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Gastritis

A
  • Anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • Epigastric pain
  • Hematemesis (vomiting of blood)
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15
Q

Treatment of Gastritis

A
  • usually self-limiting
  • gastric mucosa will regenerate in 1-2 days
  • Treat cause
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16
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

-Painful sores/ulcerations in the lining of the stomach or beginning of small intestine

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17
Q

Cause of Peptic Ulcers

A
  • H. Pylori
  • Excessive acid production
  • NSAID’s
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18
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers

A
  • Epigastric burning/pain (usually 2-3 hrs after meals)
  • Heartburn
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Weight loss
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19
Q

Treatment of Peptic Ulcers

A
  • Drug therapy
  • Reduce exacerbating factors
  • Surgery
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20
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

-Formation of gallstones

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21
Q

Cause of Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A

Tend to form when bile has high levels of cholesterol or there is a deficit of bile salts

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22
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A
  • Frequenly asymptomatic
  • Sudden pain in RUQ
  • Pain in back and right shoulder
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
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23
Q

Treatment of Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A
  • Surgery to remove gallbladder and/or gallstones

- Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (high-energy sound waves to break down the stones)

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24
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder and cystic duct

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25
Q

Cause of Cholecystitis

A
  • Gallstones
  • Tumors
  • Infections
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26
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Cholecystitis

A
  • Pain in abdomen
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
  • Tenderness in abdomen
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27
Q

Treatment of Cholecystitis

A

-Surgery to remove gallstones or gallbladder

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28
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowish color of skin and other tissues

29
Q

Cause of Jaundice

A
  • High levels of bilirubin in the blood
  • Inflamed liver
  • Obstructed bile duct
30
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Jaundice

A
  • Yellowish tinge of skin and whites of eyes
  • Dark urine
  • Itchiness
31
Q

Treatment of Jaundice

A

Manage underlying condition causing jaundice

32
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammatory condition of the liver

33
Q

Types of Hepatitis

A
  • Viral Hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E)
  • Toxic hepatitis
  • Chronic noninfectious hepatitis
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
34
Q

Cause of Hepatitis

A
  • idiopathic reasons infection

- drug/chemical toxicity

35
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis

A
  • Fatigue
  • Jaundice
  • Weight loss
  • Abdominal pain
36
Q

Course of Hepatitis (3 stages)

A
  1. Preicteric or prodromal stage
  2. Iceteric or jaundice stage
  3. Posticteric or recovery stage
37
Q

Treatment of Hepatitis

A
  • No method of destroying the virus
  • Gamma globulin (early stage)
  • Supportive measures (rest, high protein diet,carbs, vitamins)
  • Depends on type of hepatitis
38
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Progressive destruction of liver tissue leading to liver failure

39
Q

Cause of Cirrhosis

A
  • Chronic liver diseases

- Toxins/alcohol

40
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Cirrhosis

A
  • Fatigure
  • Anemia
  • Itchy skin
  • Edema in legs, feet, ankles
  • Jaundice
  • Ascites
  • Weight loss
41
Q

Treatment of Cirrhosis

A
  • Supportive/symptomatic treatment

- Diet (Restrictions on protein and sodium, increase intake of carbs and vitamins)

42
Q

Pancreatitis

A
  • Inflammation of the pancreas

- May be acute or chronic

43
Q

Cause of Pancreatitis

A
  • Auto-digestion of tissues
  • Infection
  • Gallstones
  • Medications
  • Alcoholism
44
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatitis

A
  • Severe epigastric or abdominal pain radiating to the back
  • Signs of shock
  • Low-grade fever
  • Abdominal distention
45
Q

Treatment of Pancreatitis

A
  • All oral intake is stopped
  • Shock and electrolyte imbalances are treated
  • Analgesics
  • Surgery
46
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A
  • Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (cause is unknown)

- May affect any area of the digestive tract but occurs most frequently in the small intestine

47
Q

Signs and Symptom of Crohn’s Disease

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Cramping
  • Abdominal pain
  • Soft or semi-formed stool
  • Pain/tenderness in RLQ
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Anemia
  • Fatigue
  • Malabsorption/ malnutrition
48
Q

Treatment of Crohn’s Disease

A
  • Identify stressors that cause exacerbation of symptoms
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Anti-motility agents
  • Nutritional supplements
  • Surgery
  • Immunotherapeutic agents
49
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A
  • Inflammation of rectum that progresses through the colon

- Cause is unknown

50
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Blood, pus and mucus in stool
  • Cramping pain
  • Tenesmus (Persistent spasms of the rectum)
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Iron-deficiency anemia
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
51
Q

Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

A
  • Identify stressors that cause exacerbation of symptoms
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Anti-motility agents
  • Nutritional supplements
  • Surgery
  • Immunotherapeutic agents
52
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation and infection in the vermiform appendix

53
Q

Cause of Appendicitis

A

Most commonly a blockage causing infection

54
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Appendicitis

A
  • General periumbilical pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Localized pain and tenderness in LRQ
  • Low-grade fever
55
Q

Treatment of Appendicitis

A

Surgical removal of the appendix and antimicrobial drugs

56
Q

Diverticular Disease

A
  • Refers to various problems related to the development of diverticulitis
  • May be congenital or acquired
57
Q

What is a Diverticulum

A

A herniation of the mucosa through the muscle layer of the colon wall

58
Q

What is Diverticulitis

A

Acute episode of inflammation of the diverticula

59
Q

Cause of Diverticulitis

A
  • Usually develop naturally due to weak places in the colon

- As a result of inflammation or infection

60
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Diverticular Disease

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Mild discomfort
  • Diarrhea or constipation
61
Q

Treatment of Diverticular Disease

A

During acute episodes food intake is reduced and antimicrobial drugs are given

  • Omitting foods such as seeds and popcorn
  • Encouraging regular bowel movements
62
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A

Development of cancer in parts of the large intestine

63
Q

Cause of Colorectal Cancer

A

Exact cause remains unknown

64
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

A
  • Change in bowel habits
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Persistent abdominal discomfort
  • Feeling that bowel doesn’t empty completely
  • Weakness or fatigue
  • Weight loss
65
Q

Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

A
  • Surgical removal of the involved area
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Medications
66
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

Lack of movement of the intestinal contents through the intestine

67
Q

Cause of Intestinal Obstruction

A
  • Mechanical obstructions (Tumors, adhesion’s,hernias)

- Functional obstructions (neurologic impairment, spinal cord injury)

68
Q

Signs and Symptoms of an Intestinal Obstruction

A
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal distention
  • Restlessness
  • Tachycardia
  • Diaphoresis
  • Abdominal pain
69
Q

Treatment of an Intestinal Obstruction

A
  • Underlying cause is treated
  • Fluids and electrolytes are replaced
  • Surgery and antimicrobial therapy

Patho Final (5 decks)

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