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Patho Final > Module 11: Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 11: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the Urinary System

A

Kidneys => Ureters => Urinary bladder => Urethra

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2
Q

Physiology of the Urinary System

A
  • Removes metabolic wastes, hormones and drugs from the body
  • Regulates H20, electrolytes, acid-base balance
  • Secrets erythropoietin (EPO - produces RBC in the kidneys)
  • Regulates BP via RAAS
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3
Q

Nephrons

A

Functional units of the kidneys which main purpose is filtration

  • Each nephron contains a glomerulus and tubule
  • Glomerulus filters blood
  • Tubules filter and reabsorb electrolytes
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4
Q

Formation of Urine

A
  • Glomerular Filtration
  • Re-absorption
  • Secretion
  • Waste and excess water are removed from the body
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5
Q

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) Function

A
  • Produced by the Posterior pituitary

- Controls re-absorption of H2O

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6
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Produced by the Adrenal cortex
  • Controls Na and water re-absorption and excretes potassium
  • Controlled by the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) to regulate BP
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7
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANP)

A

Hormone produced in the heart to reduce Na and fluid re-absorption in the kidneys
- Main function is to lower BP

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8
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Disorders of the Urinary System

A
  • Urinalysis
  • Blood tests (BUN, GFR, Serum Creatinine)
  • Culture and sensitivity
  • Cystoscopy
  • MRI
  • CT
  • IVP (intravenous pyelography)
  • Biopsy
  • Urodynamics
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9
Q

Hemodialysis

A
  • Provided in a hospital, dialysis center or at home due to kidney failure
  • Blood travels from the artery, through a machine where exchange of wastes, fluid and electrolytes occurs
  • After the blood is returned back to the patients vein
  • Required 3 times a week and lasts for 3-4 hours
  • Helps control BP
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10
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A
  • Can be done in a dialysis unit or at home
  • May be done at night as patient sleeps
  • A catheter is placed in the peritoneal cavity
  • Dialyzing fluid is instilled through the catheter into the cavity where it remains allowing for the exchange of electrolytes and wastes to occur by osmosis and diffusion
  • Fluid is drained from cavity by gravity
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11
Q

Urinary Tract Infection

A
  • An infection of any part of the urinary system

- Women are most susceptible

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12
Q

Cause of Urinary Tract Infection

A
  • Occurs when bacteria enters the urinary tract through the urethra
  • Catheters carry a high risk
  • Nonsocomial infections
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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Urgency
  • Delirium
  • Burning pain when urinating
  • Frequency
  • Cloudy urine
  • Pelvic pain in women
  • Blood in the urine
  • Confusion
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14
Q

Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection

A
  • Antibacterial drugs

- Prevention

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15
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • A type of UTI

- Infection extends from the ureters into one or both of the kidneys

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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pyelonephritis

A
  • Cystitis
  • Dysuria
  • Pain in lower back
  • Frequency
  • Urge
  • Fever
17
Q

Treatment of Pyelonephritis

A
  • UTI’s are promptly treated with antibacterial drugs

- Encourage patient to increase fluid intake

18
Q

Urolithiasis

A
  • Kidney Stones

- Urinary tract obstruction

19
Q

Cause of Pyelonephritis

A

Infection

20
Q

Cause of Urolithiasis

A
  • No single cause
  • High levels of crystal-forming substances in urine due to high levels of uric acid
  • Diabetes
  • Previous gout episode
  • Obesity
21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Urolithiasis

A
  • Asymptomatic om kidney and bladder
  • Flank pain
  • Intense spasms of pain until stone passes
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Cool moist skin
  • Rapid pulse
22
Q

Treatment of Urolithiasis

A
  • Small stones can be passed
  • Fragmentation of larger stones
  • Surgery
  • Medications to dissolve stones
  • Treatment/prevention of underlying cause ex) Diet changes
23
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

-A primary tumor arising from the proximal convoluted tubule epithelium (more often in the renal cortex)
in early stage
-Often has metastasized to lungs, liver, bone by the time of diagnosis

24
Q

Cause of Renal Cell Carcinoma

A 
-No clear cause
Risk factors include:
-males
-smokers
-uncommon in anyone 45 years or younger
25
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Renal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Hematuria
  • Dull, aching flank pain
  • Palpable mass
  • Weight loss
  • Anemia
26
Q

Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

Removal of the kidney as the tumor is often unresponsive to chemo and radiation

27
Q

Bladder Cancer

A
  • Often develops as multiple tumors and tends to reoccur

- Often begins in the cells that line the bladder

28
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Bladder Cancer

A
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency
  • Infections
  • Pelvic pain
  • Hematuria
29
Q

Causes of Bladder Cancer

A
  • Smoking
  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Exposure to radiation
  • Parasitic infections
30
Q

Treatment of Bladder Cancer

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Reconstruction
31
Q

Acute Renal Failure

A
  • Failure of the kidneys to function

- Develops suddenly (less than a few days)

32
Q

Cause of Acute Renal Failure

A
  • Reduced blood flow
  • Necrosis of tubules
  • Reduced Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • Kidney damage
33
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Renal Failure

A
  • Decreased urine output
  • Urinary retention
  • SOB
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Confusion
34
Q

Treatment of Acute Renal Failure

A
  • Treat underlying cause and reverse primary problem
  • Medications
  • Dialysis
35
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

-Gradual irreversible destruction of the kidneys over a long period of time

36
Q

Cause of Chronic Renal Failure

A
  • May result from chronic kidney disease
  • Systemic disorders
  • Long-term exposure to nephrotoxins
37
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure

A
  • Polyuria
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea
  • Anemia
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Oliguria
  • CHF
  • Impotence
38
Q

Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure

A
  • Medications

- Is difficult to maintain as it affects all body systems

Patho Final (5 decks)

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