Module 12: Muscloskeletal System Disorders Flashcards
Role of bones in the body
- Shape
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Electrolyte balance
- Blood production
- Calcium Storage
- Acid-base balance
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts (form bone)
- Osteoclasts (dissolve unwanted bone)
- Osteocytes (mature osteoblasts)
Classifications of bones (5)
- Long bones (Femur)
- Short bones (carpals)
- Flat bones (in skull)
- Irregular bones (Vertebrae)
- Sesamoid bones (bones embedded in a tendon, found in foot)
Role of skeletal muscle in the body
- Facilitate movement
- Maintain body position
- Stabilize joints
- Temperature regulation
Stages of Bone Healing (5)
- Hematoma - bleeding occurs
- Granulation tissue formation
- Pre-callus - held together by cartilage and collagen
- Bony callus - new bone tissue forms
- Remodelling - excessive tissue is removed by osteoclasts
MSK Diagnostic Tests: Bone Disorders
- X-ray
- MRI
- DEXA bone scan
MSK Diagnostic Tests: Muscular Disorders
- Electromyography (EMG) - records electrical activity in the muscle
- Biopsy
MSK Diagnostic Tests: Joint Disorders
- X-ray
- Arthroscopy
- MRI
Complications of Bone Healing
- Compartment syndrome (high pressure in the muscles)
- Fat embolism
- DVT=>Pulmonary embolism
- Infection
Fracture
- A break in the integrity of a bone
- Occurs from trauma, neoplasms or stress on bones
Classifications of Fractures (7)
1) Complete
2) Incomplete
3) Open (compound)
4) Closed
5) Simple
6) Comminuted
7) Compression
Complete Fracture
Bone broken, forming separate pieces
Incomplete Fracture
Bone only partially broken
Open (compound) Fractures
Skin has been broken
Closed Fracture
Skin has not been broken
Simple Fracture
- Single break
- Maintaining alignment and position
Comminuted Fracture
Multiple fractures and bone fragments
Compression Fracture
Bone crushed or collapsed into small pieces
Sprains
A tear in a ligament
Strains
A tear in a tendon
Signs and Symptoms of Fractures
- Swelling
- Pain in area
- Bruising
- Inability to move or bear weight of affected area
Treatment of Fractures
- Immobilization
- Surgery to repair
- Physical therapy
- Ultrasound therapy
- Bone graft
- Stem cell therapy
Compartment Syndrome
- May develop shortly after fracture occurs
- Can happen with crush injuries
- Increased pressure in fascia causing compression nerves and blood vessels
- Causes severe pain, ischemia, necrosis of muscle
Signs and Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome
- Pain in affected limb
- Tightness
- Numbness
- Weakness
Treatment of Compartment Syndrome
- Medications
- Physical therapy
- Orthotics
- Surgery (fasciotomy)
Signs and Symptoms of Sprains and Strains
- Pain
- Tenderness
- Marked swelling
- Discoloration
Treatment of Sprains and Strains
RICE:
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
- Medications
- PT
- Surgery
Muscle Tears
- Result of trauma or over-extension or over-stressing
- Repeat injuries
Degrees of Muscle Tears (3)
First: small % of muscle fibers
Second: Much of muscle but not a complete tear
Third: Complete tear across width of muscle
Signs and Symptoms of Muscle Tears
- Depends on degree of tear
- Pain
- Muscle can be partially contracted
- Loss of strength and ROM
- Muscle is unable to contract
- Internal bleeding
Treatment of Muscle Tears
RICE: -Rest -Ice -Compression -Elevation In third degree surgery may be necessary
Repetitive Strain Injury
- Affects muscles, tendons and nerves
- Develop over a period of time in which the same movement is repeated
Signs and Symptoms of Repetitive Strain Injury
- Pain
- Weakness
- Numbness
Treatment of Repetitive Strain Injury
- Rest
- Ice or heat
- NSAID’s
- PT
- OT
- Surgery
Osteomyelitis
Bone infection by bacteria or fungi
- Infects the bone via blood
- Diabetes, kidney failure and chronic health conditions are more at risk to develop osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis- Signs and Symptoms
- Fever
- Swelling
- Redness
- Pain
- Fatigue
Osteomyelitis- Treatments
- Medications
- Change of diet
- Surgery
Bone Tumour
Common for secondary site from breast, lung or prostate tumours
- Osteosarcoma most common neoplasm of bone
- Occurs in the shaft of long bone
Bone Tumour - Signs and Symptoms
- Bone pain at rest
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Swelling
- Weakness
Bone Tumour - Treaments
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Cryosurgery (killing cancer by liquid nitrogen)
Dislocations
- Separation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between articulating
- Accompanied with soft tissue damage to ligaments and tendons
- May recur repeatedly
Signs and Symptoms of Dislocations
- Distortion
- Swollen
- Painful
- Discoloration
Treatment of Dislocations
- Reduction
- Immobilization
- Surgery
- Rehabilitation
