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Patho Final > Module 12: Muscloskeletal System Disorders > Flashcards

Module 12: Muscloskeletal System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Role of bones in the body

A
  • Shape
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Blood production
  • Calcium Storage
  • Acid-base balance
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2
Q

Bone Cells

A
  • Osteoblasts (form bone)
  • Osteoclasts (dissolve unwanted bone)
  • Osteocytes (mature osteoblasts)
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3
Q

Classifications of bones (5)

A
  • Long bones (Femur)
  • Short bones (carpals)
  • Flat bones (in skull)
  • Irregular bones (Vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid bones (bones embedded in a tendon, found in foot)
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4
Q

Role of skeletal muscle in the body

A
  • Facilitate movement
  • Maintain body position
  • Stabilize joints
  • Temperature regulation
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5
Q

Stages of Bone Healing (5)

A
  1. Hematoma - bleeding occurs
  2. Granulation tissue formation
  3. Pre-callus - held together by cartilage and collagen
  4. Bony callus - new bone tissue forms
  5. Remodelling - excessive tissue is removed by osteoclasts
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6
Q

MSK Diagnostic Tests: Bone Disorders

A
  • X-ray
  • MRI
  • DEXA bone scan
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7
Q

MSK Diagnostic Tests: Muscular Disorders

A
  • Electromyography (EMG) - records electrical activity in the muscle
  • Biopsy
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8
Q

MSK Diagnostic Tests: Joint Disorders

A
  • X-ray
  • Arthroscopy
  • MRI
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9
Q

Complications of Bone Healing

A
  1. Compartment syndrome (high pressure in the muscles)
  2. Fat embolism
  3. DVT=>Pulmonary embolism
  4. Infection
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10
Q

Fracture

A
  • A break in the integrity of a bone

- Occurs from trauma, neoplasms or stress on bones

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11
Q

Classifications of Fractures (7)

A

1) Complete
2) Incomplete
3) Open (compound)
4) Closed
5) Simple
6) Comminuted
7) Compression

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12
Q

Complete Fracture

A

Bone broken, forming separate pieces

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13
Q

Incomplete Fracture

A

Bone only partially broken

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14
Q

Open (compound) Fractures

A

Skin has been broken

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15
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Skin has not been broken

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16
Q

Simple Fracture

A
  • Single break

- Maintaining alignment and position

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17
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Multiple fractures and bone fragments

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18
Q

Compression Fracture

A

Bone crushed or collapsed into small pieces

19
Q

Sprains

A

A tear in a ligament

20
Q

Strains

A

A tear in a tendon

21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Fractures

A
  • Swelling
  • Pain in area
  • Bruising
  • Inability to move or bear weight of affected area
22
Q

Treatment of Fractures

A
  • Immobilization
  • Surgery to repair
  • Physical therapy
  • Ultrasound therapy
  • Bone graft
  • Stem cell therapy
23
Q

Compartment Syndrome

A
  • May develop shortly after fracture occurs
  • Can happen with crush injuries
  • Increased pressure in fascia causing compression nerves and blood vessels
  • Causes severe pain, ischemia, necrosis of muscle
24
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome

A
  • Pain in affected limb
  • Tightness
  • Numbness
  • Weakness
25
Q

Treatment of Compartment Syndrome

A
  • Medications
  • Physical therapy
  • Orthotics
  • Surgery (fasciotomy)
26
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Sprains and Strains

A
  • Pain
  • Tenderness
  • Marked swelling
  • Discoloration
27
Q

Treatment of Sprains and Strains

A

RICE:

  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevation
  • Medications
  • PT
  • Surgery
28
Q

Muscle Tears

A
  • Result of trauma or over-extension or over-stressing

- Repeat injuries

29
Q

Degrees of Muscle Tears (3)

A

First: small % of muscle fibers
Second: Much of muscle but not a complete tear
Third: Complete tear across width of muscle

30
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Muscle Tears

A
  • Depends on degree of tear
  • Pain
  • Muscle can be partially contracted
  • Loss of strength and ROM
  • Muscle is unable to contract
  • Internal bleeding
31
Q

Treatment of Muscle Tears

A 
RICE:
-Rest
-Ice
-Compression
-Elevation
In third degree surgery may be necessary
32
Q

Repetitive Strain Injury

A
  • Affects muscles, tendons and nerves

- Develop over a period of time in which the same movement is repeated

33
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Repetitive Strain Injury

A
  • Pain
  • Weakness
  • Numbness
34
Q

Treatment of Repetitive Strain Injury

A
  • Rest
  • Ice or heat
  • NSAID’s
  • PT
  • OT
  • Surgery
35
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Bone infection by bacteria or fungi

  • Infects the bone via blood
  • Diabetes, kidney failure and chronic health conditions are more at risk to develop osteomyelitis
36
Q

Osteomyelitis- Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Fever
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Fatigue
37
Q

Osteomyelitis- Treatments

A
  • Medications
  • Change of diet
  • Surgery
38
Q

Bone Tumour

A

Common for secondary site from breast, lung or prostate tumours

  • Osteosarcoma most common neoplasm of bone
  • Occurs in the shaft of long bone
39
Q

Bone Tumour - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Bone pain at rest
  • Fever
  • Night sweats
  • Swelling
  • Weakness
40
Q

Bone Tumour - Treaments

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Cryosurgery (killing cancer by liquid nitrogen)
41
Q

Dislocations

A
  • Separation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between articulating
  • Accompanied with soft tissue damage to ligaments and tendons
  • May recur repeatedly
42
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Dislocations

A
  • Distortion
  • Swollen
  • Painful
  • Discoloration
43
Q

Treatment of Dislocations

A
  • Reduction
  • Immobilization
  • Surgery
  • Rehabilitation

Patho Final (5 decks)

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