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Patho Final > Module 10: Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Module 10: Infection and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms

A
  • Small living forms

- Include bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses

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2
Q

Nonpathogenic Microorganisms

A
  • Usually do not cause disease unless conditions change
  • Part of normal flora
  • Often beneficial
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3
Q

Pathogenic Microorganisims

A

-Disease-causing microbes

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4
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • Unicellular (single cell)
  • Do not require living tissue to survive
  • Divide by binary fission
  • No nuclear membrane
  • Vary in shape and size
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5
Q

Major Groups of Bacteria (3)

A
  • Bacilli (rod-shaped)
  • Spirochetes (Spiral forms)
  • Cocci (Spherical forms)
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6
Q

Virus

A

A very small obligate intracellular parasite that requires a living host cell for replication

  • Tend to mutate during replication
  • Can be difficult to control due to their unique characteristics
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7
Q

Active Viral Infection

A
  • Attaches to host cell
  • Viral genetic material enters the cell
  • Viral DNA or RNA takes control of cell
  • Uses host’s cell to synthesize viral proteins and nucleic acids
  • New viruses are assembled in cytoplasm
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8
Q

Latent Viral Infection

A
  • Virus enters cell
  • Viral proteins are produced and intserted into membrane of host cell
  • May reproduce actively if immune system is depressed
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9
Q

Areas of body with resident flora

A
  • Skin
  • Nasal cavity
  • Mouth
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Vagina
  • Distal urethra and perineum
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10
Q

Nonsocomial Infections

A

Infections that occur in healthcare facilities (Ex. UTI, MRSA)

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11
Q

Local signs of infection

A
  • Swelling
  • Erythema (redness)
  • Pain and tenderness
  • Lymphadenopathy (abnormal size of lymph notes)
  • Purulent exudate
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12
Q

Systemic signs of infection

A
  • Fever
  • Leukocytosis (High WBC count)
  • Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Anorexia
  • Headache
  • Arthralgia (joint pain)
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13
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Infection

A
  • Culture and Sensitivity
  • Blood tests (WBC, C-Reactive protein, ESR)
  • Immunological testing of body fluids
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14
Q

Treatment for Infection

A
  • Antimicrobial drug therapy (Anti-fungal, Anti-viral, Anti-bacterial, Anti-protozoa)
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAID’s
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15
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Body’s defense system against disease

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16
Q

What is non-specific defence?

A
  • Body’s automatic defense
  • Inflammation
  • Phagocytosis
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17
Q

What is specific defense?

A

Antibodies are produced to fight an infection

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18
Q

Anatomy of the Immune System

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Thymus
  • Lymph fluid
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Immune cells: lymphocyte (Cells which fight infection), macrophages (monocytes, engulf foreign material)
  • Histamine
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19
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Exogenous substances that induces an immune response in the body

20
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies produced to protect the body found in body fluid

21
Q

What is Cell – Mediated Immunity?

A

Lymphocyte cells attacking foreign substances to protect the body
ex) Killer T lymphocytes and Macrophage

22
Q

Name the types of Anti-bodies (5)

A

1) igg - found in blood
2) Igm - immune cells
3) iga - secretion (tears, saliva
4) Ige - allergic response
5) igd - B lymphocytes

23
Q

What is Natural immunity?

A
  • Species specific

- Ability to resist infection naturally

24
Q

What is Innate immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity passed from genetics

25
Q

What is Active Natural immunity?

A

Natural exposure to a pathogen and the development of antibodies to that pathogen

26
Q

What is Active artificial immunity?

A

Antigen is introduced to the body so it triggers an antibody response

27
Q

What is Passive natural immunity?

A

Igg antibodies (blood) is transferred from mother to a fetus via placenta

28
Q

What is Passive artificial immunity?

A

Injection of the antibody in order to protect us from the antigen for a short term
ex) Tetanus Vaccine

29
Q

What are some diagnostic tests to test immunity?

A
  • Titer (measures immunoglobulin serum)
  • WBC’s
  • Coombs test
  • MHC testing (matches tissue before transplants)
30
Q

What is immunodeficiency mean?

A
  • Partial/total loss of immunity

- Increased risk of infection and cancers

31
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Developmental failure in immunity

ex) Immune deficiency for a specific organ

32
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Acquired immunodeficiency from specific causes

ex) Chemo, Radiation, Malnutrition

33
Q

Predisposition immunodeficiency

A

Development of infections due to a predisposing factor (genetics) and can be difficult to treat

34
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

A

Allergic reaction by an allergen

35
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Rash/hives
  • Itchiness
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Dyspnea
  • Edema
  • Airway obstruction
  • Anaphylaxis – life threatening
  • Hypotension
36
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity - Treatments

A
  • Bronchodilators
  • Antihistamine
  • Avoid triggers
  • Holistic remedies
  • EPI pen (epinephrine)
  • Oxygen therapy
37
Q

Hypersensitivity II - Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A
  • Allergic reaction that the cells in the body are destroyed by antibodies
  • Circulating igg’s (blood antibodies) with antigen
  • Can happen during an incompatible blood transfusion - blood becomes thick and sticky
38
Q

Hypersensitivity III - Immune complex hypersensitivity

A
  • Antigen combines with antibody and forms complex immunity

- Causes inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis

39
Q

Hypersensitivity IV

A

Delayed response by T lymphocytes which causes an inflammation response and destruction of antigen
- Allergic skin rash

40
Q

What is SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory disease
  • Inflammation and necrosis in organ systems
  • Higher in African Americas, Native Americas, Asians and Hispanic’s
41
Q

SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Butterfly rash on face
  • Fatigue
  • Malaise
  • Cardiovascular issues
  • Polyuria
42
Q

SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Treatment

A

Anti-Inflammatory Medication - Glucocorticoid’s and NSAID’s

43
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A
  • Chronic infections disease -
    HIV (human immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
  • AIDS develops from untreated or progressed HIV
  • Multiple immune complications
44
Q

HIV/AIDS - Cause

A
  • HIV destroys helper T cells (lymphocytes)
  • Lowers immune responses
  • Passed by blood or sexually transmitted fluids (semen, vaginal fluid)
45
Q

HIV/AIDS - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Headache
  • GI issues
  • Weight loss
  • Lymph-edema
  • Encephalopathy – AIDS dementia
  • Cognitive issues – brain cells can become infected
46
Q

HIV/AIDS - Treatment

A
  • Antiviral
  • Medical therapies for symptoms
  • Various medications to decrease the progression of disease

Patho Final (5 decks)

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