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Patho Final > Module 13: Blood and Lymphatic Disorders > Flashcards

Module 13: Blood and Lymphatic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Circulatory System consist of?

A

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic system

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2
Q

Blood Vessels

A
  • Arteries - blood away from heart
  • Veins - blood returns to the heart
  • Capillaries - micro-circulation within tissues
  • Gas exchange occurs in capillaries
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3
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  • Transport oxygen and nutrients
  • Remove waste products
  • Defense/Immunity
  • Maintaining homeostasis
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4
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A
  • Plasma (proteins)
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
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5
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Flexible discs
  • No nucleus
  • Contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
  • Life span is 120 days
  • EPO hormone (erythropoetin) is produced in the kidney and stimulates erythrocyte production
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6
Q

What are the 3 steps to blood clotting?

A

1) Vasoconstriction/vascular spams
2) Platelet plug - clot
3) Coagulation

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7
Q

How are clots formed?

A
  • Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
  • Thrombin converts to fibrin
  • Fibrin forms a net to trap cells
  • Platelet forms platelet plug
  • RBC’s involved in coagulation
  • Repair - Clot will shrink and retract pulling edges of tissue together
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8
Q

What is blood typing?

A

Blood typing is based on antigens in the plasma membrane of the erythrocytes - Rh element

  • A, B and O
  • Antibodies in the blood plasma
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9
Q

What is the Rh system?

A

Determines the antigen in the plasma membrane

  • Antigen D in plasma = positive
  • Absence of antigen D = negative
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10
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic system?

A
  • Defense and Immune response
  • Return excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system
  • Vessels empty into the subclavian veins.
  • Filter and destroy foreign material
  • Absorb lipids from the GI tract
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11
Q

What is Lymph?

A
  • Clear, watery, isotonic fluid
  • Circulates in lymphatic vessels
  • Resembles blood plasma, with a lower protein content
  • Returned to the cardiovascular system
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12
Q

Lymphatic Circulation

A
  • Attaches to capillaries in tissues
  • Right lymphatic duct- drains into right subclavian vein
  • Thoracic duct - drains into left subclavian vein
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13
Q

What are some blood therapies?

A
  • Whole blood, packed red blood cells, packed platelets
  • Plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions
  • Artificial blood products
  • Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
  • Drug treatment
  • EPO therapy
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14
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis
  • Very common
  • Frequently sign of an underlying problem
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15
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Pallor of skin and mucous membranes
  • Fatigue
  • Lethargy
  • Cold intolerance
  • Irritability
  • Degenerative changes
  • Menstrual irregularities
  • Delayed healing
  • Tachycardia
  • Heart palpitations
  • Dyspnea
  • Syncope
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16
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A
  • Vitamin B12 Deficiency

- Lack of absorption of vitamin B12 because of lack of intrinsic factor

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17
Q

Pernicious Anemia - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Weakness
  • Headaches
  • Chest pain
  • Weight loss
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18
Q

Aplastic Anemia - What is it and Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Autoimmune disease which blood cells fail to produce - Lowers immunity
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnea
  • Rapid or irregular heart rate
  • Pale skin
  • Frequent or prolonged infections
  • Unexplained or easy bruising
  • Nosebleeds/bleeding gums
  • Skin rash
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Fever
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19
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • Results from excessive destruction of RBC’s
  • Genetic defects
  • Immune reactions
  • Changes in blood chemistry
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20
Q

Hemolytic Anemia - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Pale skin
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Confusion
  • Light headed
  • Dizziness
  • Weakness
  • Inability to do physical activity
21
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • Genetic condition
  • More common in individuals of African ancestry
  • Abnormal hemoglobin
  • Crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered
  • Blood cells are to large to pass through the circulation
  • Can lead to necrosis
22
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Severe pain
  • Pallor
  • Weakness
  • Tachycardia
  • Dyspnea
  • Jaundice
  • Infarction’s
  • CHF
23
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia - Treatement

A
  • Immunization
  • Dietary Supplement with folic acid
  • Bone marrow transplant
24
Q

Hemophilia A

A
  • Classic hemophilia and most common
  • Genetic deficiency in clotting factor 8 (mostly males)
  • Causes increased bleeding
25
Q

Hemophilia A - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Hematuria
  • Blood in feces
  • Prolonged bleeding after minor trauma
  • Spontaneous bleeding into joints
26
Q

Hemophilia A - Treatments

A
  • Desmopressin (DDAVP) - man-made form of vasopressin

- Replacement therapy for factor 8

27
Q

von Willebrand disease

A

Most common hereditary clotting disorder

- missing or defective von Willebrand factor (VWF) a clotting protein which helps form the platelet plug

28
Q

von Willebrand disease - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Skin rashes
  • Frequent nosebleeds
  • Easy bruising
  • Bleeding of gums
  • Abnormal menstrual bleeding
29
Q

von Willebrand disease - Treatment

A
  • Desmopressin (DDAVP) medication

- Treatment based on type and severity

30
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A
  • Involves both excessive bleeding and clotting in circulation
  • Clotting factors are reduced to a dangerous level
  • Uncontrollable hemorrhage
  • High fatality rate
31
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Bleeding
  • Blood clots.
  • Bruising
  • Hypotension
  • Dyspnea
  • Confusion
  • Fever
32
Q

Polycythemia - Primary

A
  • Increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow
  • Neoplastic disorder
33
Q

Polycythemia - Secondary

A

Increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

34
Q

Polycythemia - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Distended blood vessels
  • Sluggish blood flow
  • Hypertension
  • Hypertrophied heart
  • Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)
  • Splenomegaly (spleen becomes enlarged)
  • Dyspnea
  • Headaches
  • Visual disturbances
  • Thromboses
  • Infarctions
35
Q

Polycythemia - Treatments

A
  • Identify specific cause
  • Medications
  • Radiation
  • Suppression of bone marrow activity
  • Periodic phlebotomy
36
Q

Leukemia

A
  • Group of neoplastic disorders involving white blood cells
  • Uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes
  • Undifferentiated, immature, and nonfunctional leukocytes
37
Q

Acute leukemia

A

High proportion of immature nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation

38
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

Higher proportion of mature cells but with reduced function

39
Q

Acute Leukemia - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Frequent or uncontrolled infections
  • Petechiae
  • Signs of anemia
  • Severe bone pain
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver
  • Headache
  • Visual disturbances
  • Drowsiness
  • Vomiting
40
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Initially involves a single lymph node but cancer spreads to adjacent nodes

41
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Painless enlarged lymph node
  • Weight loss
  • Anemia,
  • Low-grade fever
  • Night sweats
  • Fatigue
42
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment

A
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Surgery
43
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A
  • Similar to Hodgkin lymphoma (Signs and Treatment)

- Partially caused by HIV infection

44
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A
  • Neoplastic disease that involves increased production of plasma cells in bone marrow
  • Unknown cause
  • Multiple tumors in bone
  • Prognosis poor with short life expectancy
45
Q

Multiple Myeloma- Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Pain
  • Anemia
  • Bleeding
  • Impaired kidney function and eventually failure
46
Q

Multiple Myeloma- Treatment

A
  • Chemotherapy to encourage remission

- Supportive Treatment (survival is 3 years)

47
Q

Lymphedema

A

Obstruction of lymphatic vessels

48
Q

Lymphedema - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Swelling of lymph nodes
  • Pain
  • Limited ROM
  • Aching or discomfort
49
Q

Lymphedema - Treatments

A
  • Diuretics
  • Bed rest
  • Massage
  • PT
  • Elevation

Patho Final (5 decks)

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