Module 13: Blood and Lymphatic Disorders Flashcards
What does the Circulatory System consist of?
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic system
Blood Vessels
- Arteries - blood away from heart
- Veins - blood returns to the heart
- Capillaries - micro-circulation within tissues
- Gas exchange occurs in capillaries
What is the function of blood?
- Transport oxygen and nutrients
- Remove waste products
- Defense/Immunity
- Maintaining homeostasis
What is the composition of blood?
- Plasma (proteins)
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
What are Erythrocytes?
- Red blood cells
- Flexible discs
- No nucleus
- Contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
- Life span is 120 days
- EPO hormone (erythropoetin) is produced in the kidney and stimulates erythrocyte production
What are the 3 steps to blood clotting?
1) Vasoconstriction/vascular spams
2) Platelet plug - clot
3) Coagulation
How are clots formed?
- Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
- Thrombin converts to fibrin
- Fibrin forms a net to trap cells
- Platelet forms platelet plug
- RBC’s involved in coagulation
- Repair - Clot will shrink and retract pulling edges of tissue together
What is blood typing?
Blood typing is based on antigens in the plasma membrane of the erythrocytes - Rh element
- A, B and O
- Antibodies in the blood plasma
What is the Rh system?
Determines the antigen in the plasma membrane
- Antigen D in plasma = positive
- Absence of antigen D = negative
What is the function of the Lymphatic system?
- Defense and Immune response
- Return excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system
- Vessels empty into the subclavian veins.
- Filter and destroy foreign material
- Absorb lipids from the GI tract
What is Lymph?
- Clear, watery, isotonic fluid
- Circulates in lymphatic vessels
- Resembles blood plasma, with a lower protein content
- Returned to the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic Circulation
- Attaches to capillaries in tissues
- Right lymphatic duct- drains into right subclavian vein
- Thoracic duct - drains into left subclavian vein
What are some blood therapies?
- Whole blood, packed red blood cells, packed platelets
- Plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions
- Artificial blood products
- Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
- Drug treatment
- EPO therapy
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis
- Very common
- Frequently sign of an underlying problem
Iron Deficiency Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Pallor of skin and mucous membranes
- Fatigue
- Lethargy
- Cold intolerance
- Irritability
- Degenerative changes
- Menstrual irregularities
- Delayed healing
- Tachycardia
- Heart palpitations
- Dyspnea
- Syncope
Pernicious Anemia
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Lack of absorption of vitamin B12 because of lack of intrinsic factor
Pernicious Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Weakness
- Headaches
- Chest pain
- Weight loss
Aplastic Anemia - What is it and Signs and Symptoms
- Autoimmune disease which blood cells fail to produce - Lowers immunity
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea
- Rapid or irregular heart rate
- Pale skin
- Frequent or prolonged infections
- Unexplained or easy bruising
- Nosebleeds/bleeding gums
- Skin rash
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Fever
Hemolytic Anemia
- Results from excessive destruction of RBC’s
- Genetic defects
- Immune reactions
- Changes in blood chemistry
Hemolytic Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Pale skin
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Confusion
- Light headed
- Dizziness
- Weakness
- Inability to do physical activity
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Genetic condition
- More common in individuals of African ancestry
- Abnormal hemoglobin
- Crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered
- Blood cells are to large to pass through the circulation
- Can lead to necrosis
Sickle Cell Anemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Severe pain
- Pallor
- Weakness
- Tachycardia
- Dyspnea
- Jaundice
- Infarction’s
- CHF
Sickle Cell Anemia - Treatement
- Immunization
- Dietary Supplement with folic acid
- Bone marrow transplant
Hemophilia A
- Classic hemophilia and most common
- Genetic deficiency in clotting factor 8 (mostly males)
- Causes increased bleeding
Hemophilia A - Signs and Symptoms
- Hematuria
- Blood in feces
- Prolonged bleeding after minor trauma
- Spontaneous bleeding into joints
Hemophilia A - Treatments
- Desmopressin (DDAVP) - man-made form of vasopressin
- Replacement therapy for factor 8
von Willebrand disease
Most common hereditary clotting disorder
- missing or defective von Willebrand factor (VWF) a clotting protein which helps form the platelet plug
von Willebrand disease - Signs and Symptoms
- Skin rashes
- Frequent nosebleeds
- Easy bruising
- Bleeding of gums
- Abnormal menstrual bleeding
von Willebrand disease - Treatment
- Desmopressin (DDAVP) medication
- Treatment based on type and severity
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Involves both excessive bleeding and clotting in circulation
- Clotting factors are reduced to a dangerous level
- Uncontrollable hemorrhage
- High fatality rate
Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Signs and Symptoms
- Bleeding
- Blood clots.
- Bruising
- Hypotension
- Dyspnea
- Confusion
- Fever
Polycythemia - Primary
- Increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow
- Neoplastic disorder
Polycythemia - Secondary
Increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia
Polycythemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Distended blood vessels
- Sluggish blood flow
- Hypertension
- Hypertrophied heart
- Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)
- Splenomegaly (spleen becomes enlarged)
- Dyspnea
- Headaches
- Visual disturbances
- Thromboses
- Infarctions
Polycythemia - Treatments
- Identify specific cause
- Medications
- Radiation
- Suppression of bone marrow activity
- Periodic phlebotomy
Leukemia
- Group of neoplastic disorders involving white blood cells
- Uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes
- Undifferentiated, immature, and nonfunctional leukocytes
Acute leukemia
High proportion of immature nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation
Chronic leukemia
Higher proportion of mature cells but with reduced function
Acute Leukemia - Signs and Symptoms
- Frequent or uncontrolled infections
- Petechiae
- Signs of anemia
- Severe bone pain
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver
- Headache
- Visual disturbances
- Drowsiness
- Vomiting
Hodgkin lymphoma
Initially involves a single lymph node but cancer spreads to adjacent nodes
Hodgkin lymphoma - Signs and Symptoms
- Painless enlarged lymph node
- Weight loss
- Anemia,
- Low-grade fever
- Night sweats
- Fatigue
Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Surgery
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Similar to Hodgkin lymphoma (Signs and Treatment)
- Partially caused by HIV infection
Multiple Myeloma
- Neoplastic disease that involves increased production of plasma cells in bone marrow
- Unknown cause
- Multiple tumors in bone
- Prognosis poor with short life expectancy
Multiple Myeloma- Signs and Symptoms
- Pain
- Anemia
- Bleeding
- Impaired kidney function and eventually failure
Multiple Myeloma- Treatment
- Chemotherapy to encourage remission
- Supportive Treatment (survival is 3 years)
Lymphedema
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
Lymphedema - Signs and Symptoms
- Swelling of lymph nodes
- Pain
- Limited ROM
- Aching or discomfort
Lymphedema - Treatments
- Diuretics
- Bed rest
- Massage
- PT
- Elevation
