Module 9

Question 1

Cooperation

Answer 1

Intraspecific (within same species) process by which 2 or more individuals receive a benefit from joing actions

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

Interspecific (between species) interaction in which individuals act to increase the fitness of partners of another species

Question 3

Trophic mutualism

Answer 3

ectomycorrhiza - plant roots

Question 4

defensive mutualism

Answer 4

acacia trees - ants

Question 5

dispersive mutualism

Answer 5

bee-flower pollen

Question 6

Symbiosis

Answer 6

interaction in which one species lives inside or in close association with another species - persistent contact between partners

Question 7

holobiont

Answer 7

host organism and all additional organisms it hosts

Question 8

symbiosis continuum (mutualism-parasitism)

Answer 8

not all mutualisms are beneficial all the time - context dependent

Question 9

geographic mosaic of coevolution

Answer 9

mutalisms can sometimes vary spatially

Question 10

Game theory

Answer 10

considers situations in which the outcome of an interaction depends on the strategy an opponent uses
-identifies optimal strategy
find an evolutionary stable strategy

Question 11

evolutionary stable strategy

Answer 11

can not be beaten when it is a common strategy and a new strategy enters the system

Question 12

hawk and dove , too many hawks?

Answer 12

not stable

Question 13

hawk and dove, too many doves?

Answer 13

not stable

Question 14

hawk and dove

Answer 14

have to have correct mixture to be stable, has fixed strategies

Question 15

tit for tat (prisoners dilemma)

Answer 15

dont be first to cheat, betray when betrayed, cooperate when cooperated with

Question 16

partner choice hypothesis

Answer 16

partners choose to associate with the best partner available

Question 17

economic biological market model

Answer 17

species A offers a commodity in exchange for a commodity suppled by species B

Question 18

Altruism

Answer 18

kin selection

Question 19

Inclusive fitness

Answer 19

direct or indirect fitness

Question 20

direct fitness

Answer 20

individuals own lifetime success

Question 21

indirect fitness

Answer 21

effect on trait on other individuals depending on relatedness

Question 22

hamiltons rule

Answer 22

theory of inclusive fitness (kin selection) social behavior evolves under specific combinations of relatedness, benefits and cost
altruism evolves when relatedness times benefit to others is greater than cost to self rB>C or rB-C>0

Question 23

Diploid systems (mother)

Answer 23

50% chance genes came from mother. probability daughter shares genes with sister is 0.25

Question 24

diploid systems (father)

Answer 24

50% chance genes came from mother, probability daughter shares genes with sister is 0.25

Question 25

When is hamiltons rule most likely to be true?

Answer 25

relatedness is high, benefits of altruism to the recipient are high, costs of altruism to the altruist are low

Question 26

Sexual Selection (4 ways females choose mates)

Answer 26

1. direct benefits provided by male
2. good genes
3. runaway sexual selection
4. sensory bias

Question 27

sensory bias

Answer 27

females are hardwired to prefer a trait for preexisting reason.

Question 28

runaway sexual selection

Answer 28

mating trair in males becomes in linkage disequilibrium with preference trait in females

Question 29

Sexual selection: conflict between sexes

Answer 29

produce traits in one sex that increases fitness in that sex but reduces fitness of other sex.

Question 30

partner fidelity feedback

Answer 30

holds that instead of hosts evolving to punish and reward, symbionts have evolved to help their hosts because a healthy host automatically feeds back benefits to the symbionts.

Question 31

cospeciation

Answer 31

s the process whereby one population speciates in response to and in concert with another, and is a consequence of the associates dependence on its host for its survival.

Question 32

diffuse co-evolution

Answer 32

whole groups of species interact with other groups of species, leading to changes that cannot really be identified as examples of specific, pairwise coevolution between two species.

Question 33

geographic mosaic of coevolution

Answer 33

geographic location and community ecology shape differing coevolution between strongly interacting species in multiple populations. These populations may be separated by space and/or time.

Question 34

Eusociality

Answer 34

a social system that includes sterile workers that never reproduce, but find food, raise offspring and defend the colony with their lives. (Mainly bees, ants and wasps)

Question 35

haplodiploidy

Answer 35

haplodiploidy; sisters are more closely than related than to their mother. Individuals benefit more by helping to raise their sisters than their own offspring. The relatedness of the sister to brother is higher than brother to sister.

Question 36

intersexual selection

Answer 36

or mate choice, occurs when females choose between male mates.

Question 37

intrasexual selection

Answer 37

s when members of the same sex (within a species) compete with each other in order to gain opportunities to mate with others