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Evolution > module 13 > Flashcards

module 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Senescence

A

progressive deterioration of physiological function with increasing age
age dependent increase in mortality and decline of fecundity

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2
Q

What does evolution of death do? (Weissmann) (3 pts)

A

ensures removal of less fit individuals from population to make room for reproductively prolific individuals

long lived individuals have more offspring than short lived which selects against death

acquisition of mutations with age selects for death

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3
Q

Mutation accumulation hypothesis

A

MA suggests that selection weakly impacts mutations results in late-onset degeneration

  • loci can acquire more neutral mutations via drift with age
  • only detectable if individuals survive long enough and express symptoms of aging
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4
Q

Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis

A

AP results in strong selection for mutations beneficial early in life but deleterious later in life - aging is a maladaptive byproduct of survival and reproduction during youth

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5
Q

Disposable soma hypothesis

A

Investment in optimization of somatic cell repair and maintance (for indefinite survival) is not worthwhile since extrinsic mortality will prevent realization - investment in reproduction is more quickly realized.
Transcription/translation in germ line cells evolved towards fidelity and error-checking meiosis.
somatic cells selected for growth

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6
Q

plant senescence

A

annuals can devote energies towards seed prodctuion - pernnials have a head start on annuals - reduced genetic diversity in perennials subject to rapid environmental/predation changes
self pruning due to low nutrient productivity and accessiblity for pollinators
minimizes abiotic and biotice effects on the plant

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7
Q

major transitions

A

occurrences in time that set the stage for the evolution of cellular and multicellular forms

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8
Q

Biological ontogeny take homes

A
  • biomolecules could be generated abiotically
  • catalytic rnas can transmit information and self-replicate
  • cells compartmentalize key biomolecules and increase their encounter frequency
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9
Q

miller-urey exp

A

showed that mimicking prebiotic conditions in teh lab could result in the production of the 20 most common amino acids

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10
Q

what are the major transitions

A

molecular replication, information storage and transmission, segregation of 1 and 2, prokaryotes to eukaryotes, unicellular to multicellular, solitary life to multigenerational colonies

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11
Q

transition 3 take homes

A 
Endosymbiosis was fundamental for
the emergence of eukaryotes
Genetic analyses revealed the
bacterial origins of mitochondria and
chloroplasts
Other forms of endosymbiosis exist
Gene and/or metabolite exchange
between endosymbiotic partners helps
to maintain the relationship
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12
Q

evidence for symbiosis?

A

separate circular genomes, similar cell size to bacteria, independent replication, genes resemble those form bacteria

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13
Q

Hominoidea

A

Apes (Hominoidea) are a branch of Old World tailless simians native to Africa and Southeast Asia.

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14
Q

Hominini

A

or hominins, form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae (“hominines”). Hominini includes the genus Homo (humans), but excludes the genus Gorilla (gorillas).

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15
Q

Sahelanthropus

A

an extinct species of the Homininae (African apes) dated to about 7 million years ago, during the Miocene epoch. The species, and its genus Sahelanthropus, was announced in 2002, based mainly on a partial cranium, nicknamed Toumaï, discovered in northern Chad.

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16
Q

Ardipithecus

A

is a genus of an extinct hominine that lived during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene epochs in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia.

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17
Q

Australopithecus

A

one of the longest-lived and best-known early human species

18
Q

Kenyanthropus

A

is a 3.5 to 3.2-million-year-old (Pliocene) hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999 by Justus Erus,

19
Q

Homo naledi

A

an extinct species of hominin, which anthropologists first described in September 2015 and have assigned to the genus Homo.

20
Q

Homo ergaster/erectus

A

extinct chronospecies of the genus Homo that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene, between about 1.9 million and 1.4 million years ago. Originally proposed as a separate species, H.

21
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

A

extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, which radiated in the Middle Pleistocene from about 700,000 to 300,000 years ago, known from fossils found in Southern Africa, East Africa and Europe. African H. heidelbergensis has several subspecies.

22
Q

Homo floresiensis

A

, dubbed “the Hobbit,” was an ancient hominin that lived until at least 17,000 years ago. Scientists discovered the first H. floresiensis fossil, along with stone tools and animal remains, in 2003 in the Liang Bua (LB) cave on the remote Indonesian island of Flores, according to a 2004 Nature paper.

23
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

are our closest extinct human relative. Some defining features of their skulls include the large middle part of the face,

24
Q

lactase persistance

A

is the continued activity of the lactase enzyme in adulthood. Since lactase’s only function is the digestion of lactose in milk, in most mammal species, the activity of the enzyme is dramatically reduced after weaning.

25
Q

, lactose intolerance

A

digestive disorder caused by the inability to digest lactose, the main carbohydrate in dairy products. It can cause various symptoms, including bloating, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. People with lactose intolerance don’t make enough of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to digest lactose.

26
Q

hypoxia tolerance

A

Changes in environmental oxygen (O2) are naturally occurring phenomena which ectotherms have to face on. Many species exhibit a striking capacity to survive and remain active for long periods under hypoxia, even tolerating anoxia.

27
Q

cultural transmission

A

the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.

28
Q

vertical transmission

A

Passage of a disease-causing agent (pathogen) from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth. Transmission might occur across the placenta, in the breast milk, or through direct contact during or after birth. For example, HIV can be a vertically transmitted pathogen.

29
Q

horizontal transmission

A

is the transmission of infections between members of the same species that are not in a parent-child relationship. This has been generalized to include transmissions of cultural traits between humans.

30
Q

oblique transmission

A

cultural transmission being passed from one generation to another younger generation, such as is done by teaching, and the result of reproducing information across generations is a rapid loss of variation within that specific population.

31
Q

social learning

A

theorized by Albert Bandura, posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling

32
Q

meme

A

an element of a culture or system of behavior that may be considered to be passed from one individual to another by nongenetic means, especially imitation.

33
Q

humans and chimps are sister taxa (humans did not evolve from chimps

A

BI

34
Q

evolutionary traits contributing to evolution of humans include bipedalism, specialization of the hand, increased brain size, changes in diet

A

BI

35
Q

diet processing increased access to nutrients, and its occurrence (along with innovations) correlates with increases in human brain and body size

A

BI

36
Q

culture involves social learning

A

BI

37
Q

transmission of cultural traits occurs rapidly and can affect evolution

A

BI

38
Q

many animal groups have cultural transmission (apes, cetaceans, other mammals, birds)

A

BI

39
Q

relationship between genetic and cultural evolution; cultural traits influencing human evolution; society and evolution

A

BI

40
Q

why humans have 23 chromosomes and chimps have 24

A

In the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their telomeres, producing human chromosome 2.

Evolution (11 decks)

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