Module 10

Question 1

Recapitulation theory

Answer 1

Embryos of higher organisms progress thru stages that lower organisms were arrested at and remained such into maturity

Question 2

Meckel and Serres

Answer 2

Recapitulation theory (dismissed in 1800s)

Question 3

von Baer

Answer 3

no linear sequence as in the great chain of being, based on a single body plan

Question 4

Evo devo

Answer 4

• evolution of the genetic machinery of development
• foundational achievement is the discovery of extensive similarities in gene regulation among distantly related species with funamentally different body plans
• concentrates on the evolution of genetic toolkits

Question 5

Regulatory genes

Answer 5

transcription factors or switches (turn other genes on or off

Question 6

regulatory genes

Answer 6

conserved coding regions, regulatory regions and trans-acting factors, homeotic genes (hox genes)

Question 7

Change in coding sequence of major regulatory genes

Answer 7

can have strong pleiotropic effects

Question 8

change in sequence of regulatory region

Answer 8

produce weaker pleiotropic effects

Question 9

hox genes

Answer 9

control body plan of embryo along head-tail axis very conserved - homolgous gene across large phylogenetic code for boyd plan not reinvented over evolutionary time!!!

Question 10

Answer 10

C, INCREASE

Question 11

) changes in transcriptional regulation can have small or large phenotypic consequences;

Question 12

gene duplication events correlate with increasing cellular diversity and organismal complexity;

Question 13

genes involved early development are highly conserved across highly diverged animals

Question 14

lac operon

Answer 14

is an operon, or group of genes with a single promoter (transcribed as a single mRNA).

Question 15

biogenetic law

Answer 15

noun: biogenetic law; plural noun: biogenetic laws

the theory that evolutionary stages are repeated in the growth of a young animal.

Question 16

gene regulatory network

Answer 16

is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.

Question 17

differentiation gene batteries

Answer 17

A set of genes that encode proteins required for cell type-specific function, under common regulatory control by a small set of transcriptional drivers.

Question 18

homeotic genes

Answer 18

genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.

Question 19

regulatory enhancers

Answer 19

are DNA-regulatory elements that activate transcription of a gene or genes to higher levels than would be the case in their absence. These elements function at a distance by forming chromatin loops to bring the enhancer and target gene into proximity

Question 20

homeotic mutant

Answer 20

Homeosis may be caused by mutations in Hox genes, found in animals, or others such as the MADS-box family in plants. Homeosis is a characteristic that has helped insects become as successful and diverse as they are. Homeotic mutations work by changing segment identity during development.

Question 21

colinearity

Answer 21

In many animals, the organization of the Hox genes in the chromosome is the same as the order of their expression along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing animal, and are thus said to display colinearity.

Question 22

PAX genes

Answer 22

are developmental control genes that encode transcription factors containing a DNA-binding paired domain. Mutations in three of the nine mouse genes (Pax1, Pax3 and Pax6) and two of the nine human genes (PAX3 and PAX6) are known to cause developmental defects.

Question 23

MADS

Answer 23

Is a conserved sequence motif. The genes which contain this motif are called the MADS-box gene family.

Question 24

changes in transcriptional regulation can have small or large phenotypic consequences;

Answer 24

BI

Question 25

gene duplication events correlate with increasing cellular diversity and organismal complexity;

Answer 25

BI

Question 26

genes involved early development are highly conserved across highly diverged animals

Answer 26

BI