module 9 Flashcards
house of windsor
united kingdom
originally the house of saxe-coburg and gotha
king edward viii, reigned from 1901-1910
house of hohenzollern
germany
kaiser wilhelm ii was its last emperor
defeat of germany in 1918 led to wiliam’s abdication, along with the abolition of the monarchy, leading to the weimar republic
romanov dynasty
russia
tsar nicholas ii was the last romanov emperor, ruling from 1894-1917
lenin and the bolsheviks executed nicholas and his family, leading to the soviet union
house of hasburg-lorraine
austria-hungary
collapsed at the end of ww1
franz joseph i ruled from 1848-1916, succeeded by his grandnephew charles i
disintegrated in 1918, resulting in charles i abdication
house of osman
ottoman empire
sultan mehmed v reigned during the early 20th century and his successor, mehmed vi, saw the empire’s dissolution after world war one
the establishment of the republic of turkey in 1923 marked the end of the ottoman empire
house of savoy
italy
victor emmanuel iii reign from 1900-1946 encompassed both world wars, along with the rise and fall of facism under benito mussolini
abolition of the monarchy after ww1, becoming a republic
emmanuel abdicated and his son, umberto ii ruled for a short period before monarchy was dissolved
describe spains monarchy during the 20th century
alfonso xiii reigned until 1931 when the second spanish republic was established, forcing him to exile
general fransisco franco ruled as a dictator after the spanish civil war, dying in 1975
franco restored the monarchy and king juan carlos i ascended the throne, leading the country through its transition to democracy
describe the monarchy in scandinavian countries during the 20th century
retained their monarchies by adapting to democratic principles
denmark and norway were under the house of glucksburg. norways house was established when it gained independence from sweden in 1905
swedens house of bernadotte
they reduced their political power and embraced ceremonial roles
describe the monarchy in the netherlands in the 20th century
the netherlands, belgium and luxembourg preserved their monarchies
transitioned to constitutional monarchies, their roles being symbolic
dutch - house of orange-nassau
belgium - house of saxe-coburg and gotha
luxembourg - house of nassau-weilburg
their nations embraced parliamentary democracy, whilst the monarchies held ceremonial significance
greek house of glucksburg
faced numerous challenges
king constantine i ruled during world war but was forced to abdicate in 1922
monarchy was abolished and restored numerous times
1974 referendum abolished the monarchy, establishing greece as a republic
house of braganza
portugal
ended with the 1910 revolution, leading to the establishment of the portuguese republic
manuel ii was the last monarch, went into exile
house of hohenzollem-sigmaringen
romania
monarchy ended in 1947 under michael i was forced to abdicate by communist government, leading to the establishment of the romanian people’s republic
house of saxe-coburg and gotha
bulgaria
came to an end after world war two
king simeon ii was forced into exile in 1946 when monarchy was abolished and the people’s republic of bulgaria was formed
house of karadordevic
yugoslavia was created after ww1
yugoslavia was ruled by king peter i and later his son, alexander i
the kingdom was abolished after ww2, leading to the establishment of the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia
when did george v change the name of the house of saxe-coburg and gotha to windsor
1917
what role did austria-hungary play in the war?
emperor franz joseph i declared war on serbia after the assassination of franz ferdinand
internal dissent and nationalist movements, further destabilised by the war
what role did george vi play in world war two
ascended to the british throne in 1936
played a significant role in the war effort
what role did norway play in ww2
king haakon viii became a symbol of resilience from the nazis
germany invaded norway in 1940, he refused to give in
he fled to britain, and inspired his country’s resistence movement
what role did queen wilhelmina of the netherlands play in world war 2
she was forced to flee to britain after the german invasion of the netherlands
became a figurehead for the dutch resistance
what role did king leopold iii of belgium play in ww2
controversial role
germany invaded belgium in 1940
leopold surrendered, and chose to be a prisoner of war rather than join government-in-exile, creating tension between the belgium government and its people
this would lead to the abdication of his son, baudowin in 1951
what role did bulgaria play in ww2
tsar boris iii initially resisted german pressure to deport bulgarian jewish population and attempted to keep bulgaria out of conflict with the soviet union
died in 1943, remains a subject of speculation
what happened to italy after the world wars?
monarchy was abolished in 1946 following a referendum, partly due to victor emmanuel iiis association with mussolini’s fascist regime
what happened to romania following the world wars?
king michael i was forced to abdicate in 1947 as his country fell to the soviet union
became a people’s republic
what happened in the scandinavian countries following the world wars
they supported democratic governance and social welfare policies
in sweden, king carl xvi of gustaf took on a more ceremonial role, real power was held by elected officials. similar in danish and norwegian monarchies
what happened in spain following the world wars
monarchy was restored in 1975 under king juan carlos i after fransisco franco’s death
he thwarted an attempted military coup in 1981
helped stabilise and embedded democratic values
abdicated in 2014 in favour of his son, king felipe vi, was part of the efforts to modernise, and try restoring faith in the monarchy
