module 4 Flashcards
when and where did the renaissance start?
italy, 14th century
what 3 qualities were monarchs inspired by?
classical antiquity
humanism
scientific exploration
‘renaissance prince’
machiavelli
in his work ‘the prince’, machiavelli highlighted some of the qualities of an effective ruler, citing pragmatism, shrewdness and the importance of maintaining power
monarchs began seeing their role shift from that of a being appointed by god, to that of a politician
ferdinand of aragon and isabella of castile
married in spain, 1469
founded the spanish inquisition
laid the groundwork for a centralised spain
sponsored voyages, such as that of columbus
renaissance humanism
influenced monarchs education and governance
henry viii was educated in music, theology and classical literature. his court became a centre of renaissance culture
renaissance humanism also influenced how henry viii governed, such as breaking away from the catholic church and establishing the church of england
the importance of art and architecture
became tools for expressing and legitimising power. it also showed wealth and knowledge of the cultural trends of the time.
the chateau de chambord in france (francis i) and escorial (phillip ii of spain)
advancements in science and technology
enhanced military and administrative capabilities
more accurate maps and navigational systems allowed for exploration and expansion
gunpowder and advanced fortification design meant that empires could defend themselves properly
law and governance during the renaissance period
led to more advanced administrative systems
monarchs set up professional bureaucracies with educated officials, such as charles v, who used loyal administrators to manage his vast empires
laid the foundation for modern state governance
name 2 humanist scholars and what they sought to achieve
petrach
erasmus
to harmonise classical wisdom and contemporary thought, promoting education, critical thinking and a more secular worldview
leonardo da vinci
the mona lisa
the last supper
used sfumato to give his paintings a magical quality
michelangelo
sculpture of david showed him poised and ready for battle. it showcased detail and emotion
master of the human form
frescoes on the ceiling of the sistine chapel. the scenes such as the creation of adam depicted the human body in dynamic poses
raphael
created works that exude beauty and balance
his frescoes in the vatican, notably the school of athens are a tribute to the intellectual spirit of the renaissance
chiaroscuso
dramatic use of light and shadow
added depth and volume to paintings
eventually would be used by caravaggio to create intense, moody scenes that would jump out from the painting
linear perspective
pioneered by filippo brunelleschi
the school of athens by raphael also uses this technique
what did we see the re-emergence of in architecture?
an interest in symmetry, proportion and the use of classical elements like columns and arches
filippo brunelleschi and leon battista alberti were inspired by ancient roman buildings, leading to the building of sculptors such as the florence cathedral dome and the church of san lorenzo
what changes were taking place in the world of literature?
writers began writing in their vernacular languages, allowing a wider audience, and those of more middle class societies, to read and understand their work
shakespeare, geoffrey chaucer and dante alighieri
what happened in 1440 and what did this mean?
printing press was invented by johannes gutenberg
allowed for the spread of ideas
what declined during the renaissance?
feudalism
italy during the renaissance
florence, milan and venice became political and cultural powers. they were often ruled by different wealthy families, such as the medici family in florence
the competitiveness of these states fostered creativity
spain during the renaissance
unification
sponsoring of voyages
spanish inquisition
wealth from the americas funded projects and military campaigns
france during the renaissance
francis i embodied the renaissance monarch
patron of arts and supporter of humanist learning
reduced the power of the nobility
holy roman empire during the renaissance
under charles v, faced significant challenges eg protestant reformation.
charles v battled with france and the ottoman empire
peace of augsburg 1555 allowed for the co-existence of catholicism and lutheranism
what were the italians pioneers of
permanent embassies
they created a network of ambassadors that represented their interests abroad and gathered intelligence
