Module 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs
A
Immune System
2
Q
The immune system acts to…
A
Destroy or neutralize foreign substances
3
Q
Immunity
A
General ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection
4
Q
Immunology
A
Science concerned with the immune response
5
Q
Memory
A
Effectiveness increased after repeated exposure
6
Q
Antibodies bind to antigens and…
A
Inactivate or eliminate them
7
Q
Hematopoesis
A
Development on WBCs in BM of mammals
8
Q
WBCs that mature prior to leaving the BM
A
Macs and DCs and become part of innate immune system
9
Q
Respond to all antigens
A
WBCs that are part of innate immunity
10
Q
Not fully functional after leaving the BM
A
B and T cells
11
Q
B and T cells
A
Differentiate in response to antigens
12
Q
All leukocytes from
A
Pluripotent stem cells
13
Q
WBC Counts in body
A
Neutrophils (60), lymphocytes (30), monocytes (6), Eosin (3), Baso (1)
14
Q
Neutrophils
A
Neutral pH stain + highly phagocytic
15
Q
Highly Phagocytic
A
Neutrophils and Monocytes/macrophages
16
Q
Circulate blood and migrate to tissue damage
A
Neutrophils
17
Q
Neutrophils have
A
Primary and secondary granules
18
Q
Neutrophil Mode of Action
A
Kill ingested microbes with lytic enzymes and reactive O2 metabolites from granules
19
Q
Monocytes
A
Mononuclear and circulate for 8 hours before maturing into macrophages
20
Q
Macrophages
A
Reside in specific tissues and have variety of surface receptors
21
Q
Microglial cells
A
Brain macs
22
Q
Kupffer Cells
A
Liver Macs
23
Q
Mesangial cells
A
Kidney macs
24
Q
Synovial cells
A
Joint macs
25
Osteoclasts
Bone macs
26
In small numbers in blood, skin, MM of nose, lungs, and intestines
DCs
27
DCs mode of action
Contact --> Phagocytose --> process antigen --> antigen presentation
28
Major Cells of the IS
B and T cells
29
Lymphocytes
B and T and NK (null) cells
30
Differentiation
T and B cells in bone marrow by
31
G0 cell cycles
B and T cells stuck here until they are activated by binding antigen
32
Activation of B and T cells
Replication and circulation to enter lymphoid tissue
33
Memory cells
Activated lymphocytes that do not immediately replication but will do so when the antigen is present again
34
B cells migration
Circulate blood and settle in lymphoid organs
35
Plasma cells
Antibody producing cells after maturation and activation
36
T cell migration
Stay in thymus, circulate blood, reside in lymphoid tissue
37
Cytokines
Chemicals that have effect on other cells
38
Produces Cytokines
Activated T cells
39
NK cells
Non-phagocytic granular lymphocytes
40
NK cells kill
Malignant and infected cells
41
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
NK cells bind to antibodies coating infected or malignant cells
42
NK cells recognize target by
ADCC or loss of MHC I due to presence of virus or cancer
43
Primary Tissues and Organs
Sites where lymphocytes mature and differentiate into B and T cells sensitive to antigen
44
Secondary Organs and Tissues
Areas where lymphocytes encounter and binds antigen --> proliferation and differentiation into fully mature effector cells
45
Thymus and Long Bone
Primary organs
46
Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissues
Secondary Organs
47
Lymphoid Tissues
Throughout the Body
48
Lymphoid Tissue Role
Interface between innate and acquired immunity
49
Area of antigen sampling and processing to then present to B and T cells
Lymphoid Tissues
50
Lymphoid Cells Closely associated with specific tissues
SALT and MALT
51
Lymphoid cells loosely associated with specfic tissues
BALT (bronchial)
52
Phagocytosis
Process by which phagocytic cells recognize, ingest, and kill EC microbes
53
Phagocytic Cells
Macs, Monos, DCs, Neutrophils
54
Opsonisation
Process by which viruses and bacteria are covered with proteins that will signal immune cells they are foreign
55
Phagocytes recognize microbes by
Opsonin-independent (non-opsonic) and Opsonin-depenent (opsonic) recognition
56
Pathogens engulfed into
Phagosomes
57
Phagolysosome triggers
Respiratory burst to release ROS and NOS + AM compounds --> destroy microbes and some antigen presented on MHC
58
Opsonin-Independent Mechanism Forms...Recognition by
1) Lectin-carbohydrate interactions
2) Protien-Protein Interactions
3) Hydrophobic Interations
4) PAMPS by PRRs like TLRs
59
Opsonin-Independent involves...
Nonspecific and specific receptors on phagocytic cells
60
Examples of protein-protein recogniztion by phagocytic cells
Peptide sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) rec by RGD receptor on phagocyte
61
Lectin-carb interaction
Flagella lectin to carb receptor
62
TLRs
Class of PRRs that function exclusively as signalling receptors --> ST --> Different Immune Responses
63
TLRs bind
PAMPs which is communicated to nucleus to initiate host response
64
TLR Steps
Bind --> Translate into TFs --> activate TS of cytokine and chemokine genes
65
Respiratory burst occurs...
As soon as phagosome is formed
66
Exocytosis
Process used by neutrophils to expel microbial fragments after digestion
67
APCs
Mac and DCs
68
Antigen Presentation
After digestion in phagolysosome --> pass to ER --> peptide components combine with glycoproteins which become part of cell membrane
69
Why antigen presentation is important
Allows wandering lymphocytes to become activated
70
Links specific and nonspecific immune responses
Antigen Presentation
71
Inflammation
Nonspecific response to tissue injury caused by pathogen or physical trauma
72
Acute Inflammation
Immediate response of body to injury or cell death
73
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Redness (rubor), Warmth (calor), Pain (dolar), Swelling (tumor), Altered function (functio laesa)
74
Acute inflammation involves
Chemical mediators, chemokines releases by injured cells
75
Events that eliminate invading pathogens in acute inflammation
Capillary dilation for blood flow, temp rises to stimulate inflammatory response, fibrin clot restrict pathogen, phagocytes accumulation, BM stimulated by various released chemicals to release neutrophils and increase granulocyte formation
76
Flushing
Physical barrier that is secretion
77
First Line of Defence
Physical barriers
78
Physical barriers location
Whole body and includes skin, lysozyme, wax in ears, sweat, low pH, bile, stomach acid
79
Direct Factors that effect physical barriers
Nutrition, physiology, fever, age, genetics
80
Indirect factors of physical barriers
Personal hygiene, socioeconomic status, living conditions
81
Peristalsis
Continuous movement of everything in intestines
82
Intestine Barriers
Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes, bile, GALT, peristalsis, sIgA, shedding of columnar epi cells, microbiota, and paneth cells (9)
83
Complement
Augments antibacterial activity of antibody
84
3 Major Activities of Complement
Defend against bacterial infections, bridge adaptive and innate, dispose of waste by binding and taking to recycling
85
Process by which microbes are coated by serum proteins for recognition and ingestion by phagocytes
Opsonization
86
Opsonins
Molecules that carry out opsonisation
87
Complement Proteins
Some Complement Proteins (C3b), antibodies
88
Opsonin Connections
Fc receptor binds on cell antibody and C3b receptor on cell binds C3b
89
Strength of Opsonin
+ with antibody, ++ with complement, ++++ with both
90
Cytokines
Soluble proteins or glycoproteins released by one cell population that act as intracellular mediators or signalling molecules
91
Cytokine production induced by
Nonspecific stimuli (infection), inflammation, T-Cell interactions with antigens
92
Cytokines trigger
Maturation or response by other immune cells
93
IFNs
Regulatory cytokines produced by some euks in response to viral infection
94
Mechanism of IFN
Defend against viruses by preventing viral replication and assembly not entry + helps regulate the immune response
95
IFN Steps
Virus infects --> cell synthesizes --> binds receptor of another cell --> signals genes that produce antiviral proteins --> degrade NA and block replication
96
Fever Temperatures
Adults above 98.6 or 37 (oral) or 99.5 (37.5) rectal
97
Most common cause of fever
Viral or bacterial infection or bacterial toxins
98
Endogenous pyrogen
Cytokine produced in response to pathogen that directly triggers fever production
99
Endogenous pyrogens
IL-1, IL-6, TNF produced by macs
100
Fever augments host defense by...
Stimulate WBCs to destroy pathogen, enhance specific activity of immune system, enhance microbiostasis by decreasing iron (can't replicate at temp or adsorb iron)
101
Microbiostasis
Growth inhibition of microbe
102
Hypoferremia
Decreased iron availability
