Module 10- Immunomodulation of Probiotics

Question 1

Metabolic Interactions that benefit gut epithelium

Answer 1

SCFAs, Conjugation linoleic acid, Vitamin B complex

Question 2

Ways Probiotics Preserve Epithelial barrier function

Answer 2

Cell surface factors, Secreted proteins, Soluble peptides, Unmethylated CpG DNA, Probiotic factors and signalling pathways

Question 3

Bifidobacterium Effectors that Trigger Immunomodulation

Answer 3

Unmethylated DNA, serpin, serine-threonine-rich proteins, Pili proteins

Question 4

Effectors in both Bifido and Lactobacillus

Answer 4

EPS, Bacteriocins, SCFA, PG, CM

Question 5

Effectors in Lactobacillus

Answer 5

Fimbriae, serine/threonine rich proteins, Lactoepin, SpaCBA, teichoic and lipoteichic acid

Question 6

Cell Surface Factors Examples

Answer 6

Mucin expression, LTA from L. johnsonii inhibit LPS induced IL8 by HT29 epithelial cells

Question 7

LTA form L. Johnsonnii

Answer 7

Inhibit LPS induced IL8 from H29 epithelial cells

Question 8

Requires direct contact between Lactobacilli and epithelial cells

Answer 8

Cell Surface Factors

Question 9

Cell Surface Factors

Answer 9

Not identified yet

Question 10

Cell Surface Factors Broad Examples

Answer 10

Fimbriae, CPS, Glycoproteins

Question 11

Probiotic traits from exported surface/secreted proteins

Answer 11

Adhesion to intestine, immunomodulation, Cross-talking with host

Question 12

Strain dependent

Answer 12

Mechanisms of secreted or exported proteins

Question 13

Types of Exported Proteins

Answer 13

Exported proteins and Moonlightling proteins

Question 14

Sequence of exported proteins

Answer 14

Export signals + surface-retention domains

Question 15

Exported proteins found…

Answer 15

In CM/CW or surface or secreted

Question 16

Moonlighting proteins

Answer 16

Cytoplasmic proteins that lack export/secretion domains

Question 17

Moonlighting proteins found

Answer 17

Associated with bacterial surface or released into environment

Question 18

Moonlightling proteins function

Answer 18

Mostly using in intracellular processes but found on membrane surface to carry out other functions is possible

Question 19

Exported proteins classified by

Answer 19

Domains in AA sequence

Question 20

Classified by Domains

Answer 20

Exported Proteins

Question 21

Surface Associated Proteins

Answer 21

Covalently and non-covalently Bound

Question 22

Covalently bound

Answer 22

C-terminal LPXTG motif + Lipoproteins

Question 23

LPXTG motif

Answer 23

C- terminal domain covalently bound to PG

Question 24

Lipoproteins

Answer 24

N-terminal lipobox allows binding of membrane lipids to anchor in membrane

Question 25

Lipobox

Answer 25

Part of lipoproteins that bind membrane lipids

Question 26

Noncovalent exported proteins (5)

Answer 26

C or N terminal transmembrane domains (TMS) + LysM-type repeats + Glycine-trypotphan (GW) motifs + Choline-binding proteins + C-terminal WXL motif (trytophan-X-Leucine), S-layer

Question 27

Transmembrane domains (TMS)

Answer 27

Found on N or C terminus as noncovalent surface associated protein that is anchored in the membrane

Question 28

LysM-type repeats

Answer 28

Noncovalent surface associated proteins associated with cell wall

Question 29

LysM-type repeat examples

Answer 29

AcmA autolysin from L. lactis

Question 30

All the way down to phospholipid Layer

Answer 30

TMS

Question 31

Proteins with GW motifs

Answer 31

Surface-associated proteins

Question 32

Choline-binding proteins

Answer 32

Surface-associated proteins

Question 33

Choline-binding proteins examples

Answer 33

Muramidase of S. pneumoniae

Question 34

WXL modtif (tryptophan-X-Leucine)

Answer 34

Surface-associated proteins

Question 35

WXL motif example

Answer 35

L. plantarum proteins

Question 36

Auto assemble

Answer 36

S-layer Proteins

Question 37

S-layer proteins purpose

Answer 37

Form protective layer on surface of bacterium

Question 38

Terminus of S-layer

Answer 38

N-terminus

Question 39

S-layer (SL) domains

Answer 39

One or several on S-layer proteins at N-terminal

Question 40

SL domains bind

Answer 40

LTA and neutral polysaccharides

Question 41

S-layer adhesins

Answer 41

Pathogen exclusion + bind host extracellular matrix proteins (ECM)

Question 42

S-layer Adhesion example

Answer 42

Slp from L. brevis

Question 43

Moonlighting proteins role

Answer 43

Adhesion to host cells + pathogen aggregation

Question 44

Moonlightling proteins example

Answer 44

Adhesion by interacting with plasminogen system --> Plasminogen binding and activatin

Question 45

Plasminogen binds

Answer 45

Moonlightling proteins

Question 46

Secreted Proteins Mechanisms of Transport

Answer 46

SecA system and TAT system and unknown

Question 47

SecA dependent System

Answer 47

General secretory pathway that is energy dependent and found in all kinds of bacteria

Question 48

SecA system Components

Answer 48

N-terminal signal sequence + TM domain + protein that mediates transport at expense of ATP (TM protein)

Question 49

TAT Pathway

Answer 49

Two consecutive arginine in signal peptide