Module 9

Question 1

A substance that produces an immune reaction because it is perceived as foreign to the body is a(n):
1. antibody
2. macrophage
3. phagocyte
4. antigen

Answer 1

antigen

An antigen is a substance that produces an immune reaction because it is perceived by the body as being foreign. Most antigens, like bacteria and viruses, are, in fact, foreign substances. When antigens enter the body, antibodies are produced to neutralize them.

Question 2

T cells attack antigens directly in:

1. aggultination
2. antibody-mediate immunity
3. nonspecific immunity
4. cell-mediated immunity

Answer 2

cell-mediated immunity

T cells attack antigens directly in what is called cell-mediated immunity. B cells attack pathogens indirectly by secreting antibodies to destroy the pathogens. This is known as antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 3

An individual with which type of blood is considered a universal donor?
1. A
2. AB
3. B
4. O

Answer 3

O

Type O blood has both antibodies because it contains no antigens. Because type O blood contains neither antigen A nor B and can be administered with minimal risk of agglutination, it is referred to as universal donor blood.

Question 4

**
A patient is diagnosed with ___, which is an overwhelming systemic infection that enters the blood from other tissues.**
1. leukemia
2. septicemia
3. sideropenia
4. leukopenia

Answer 4

septicemia

In septicemia, pathogenic microorganisms invade the blood from other tissues, causing an overwhelming blood infection (septic/o, sept/o, seps/o = infection; -emia = blood condition) and leading to a systemic inflammatory response.

Question 5

Passage of antibodies through the placenta or breast milk is which type of immunity?
1. natural active acquired immunity
2. natural passive acquired immunity
3. artificial passive acquired immunity
4. artificial active acquired immunity

Answer 5

natural passive acquired immunity

Natural passive acquired immunity is acquired through the passage of antibodies via the placenta or breast milk. The development of memory cells to protect the individual from a second exposure is natural active acquired immunity. Artificial active acquired immunity comes from vaccinations. Artificial passive acquired immunity comes through the use of harvested donor immunoglobulins.

Question 6

Stopping bleeding is called:

1. homeostasis
2. hemosiderin
3. hematopoiesis
4. hemostasis

Answer 6

hemostasis

Hemostasis is the stopping or controlling (-stasis) of blood (hem/o) flow. Homeostasis refers to a “steady state,” a continual balancing of the body’s internal environment. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood formation. Hemosiderin is an iron (sider/o) pigment, one product of the process of hemolysis.

Question 7

The bleeding disorder characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues is:

1. hemophilia
2. purpura
3. polycythemia vera
4. thrombocytopenia

Answer 7

purpura

Purpura is a bleeding disorder marked by hemorrhage into the tissues. This is a coagulation, or clotting, disorder.

Question 8

A deficiency of clotting cells is:

1. polycythemia vera
2. leukopenia
3. thrombocytopenia
4. purpura

Answer 8

thrombocytopenia

The bleeding disorder thrombocytopenia is a deficiency (-penia) of clotting cells (thrombocytes). The insufficient number of platelets (thrombocytes) makes it difficult or impossible for blood to clot.

Question 9

A test of blood plasma to detect coagulation defects of the intrinsic system that is used to detect hemophilia is:
1. MCHC
2. PTT
3. ESR
4. MCH

Answer 9

PTT

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is used to detect hemophilia. This test of blood plasma detects coagulation defects of the intrinsic system.

Question 10

An example of a second-line nonspecific defense is:

1. the skin
2. fever
3. perspiration
4. sneezing

Answer 10

fever

Fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis are second-line nonspecific defense immune responses. The first line of defense in nonspecific immunity can be mechanical (i.e., skin and mucus), physical (i.e., coughing, sneezing, vomiting), and chemical (i.e., tears, saliva, perspiration).

Question 11

Choose the correct spelling of the term for a substance that prevents the clotting process.
1. antiacogulant
2. anticoagulant
3. anticoagulent
4. antiocoagulent

Answer 11

anticoagulant

Anticoagulant is the correct spelling of the term for a substance that prevents the clotting process (coagulation). Anti- means against.

Question 12

The condition in which T cells attack a person’s own cells is called:

1. AIDS
2. autoimmune disease
3. allergy
4. mononucleosis

Answer 12

autoimmune disease

Autoimmune disease is the condition in which a person’s T cells attack his or her own cells, causing extensive tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Auto- means self, referring to the fact with this condition a person’s immune response turns against itself. Examples of autoimmune disease include rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Question 13

Phagocytes are a type of:

1. erythrocytes
2. cytokine
3. thrombocytes
4. leukocytes

Answer 13

leukocytes

Phagocytes are a type of leukocyte (white blood cell). They are able to surround, engulf, and ingest microorganisms, particulate antigens, and cellular debris. Phag/o means to eat, swallow.

Question 14

Pyrexia is the medical term for:

1. a vitamin deficiency
2. fever
3. natural destruction of old red blood cells
4. destruction of pathogenic microorganisms

Answer 14

fever

A condition (-exia) of fever (pyr/o) is pyrexia.

Question 15

Monocytes change into ____, destroy pathogens, and collect debris from damaged cells.
1. B cells
2. T cells
3. macrophages
4. NK cells

Answer 15

macrophages

Macrophages are a type of mononuclear phagocytic cell that destroys pathogens and clears away the debris from damaged cells. Phag/o means to eat or swallow.

Question 16

The combining form for the lymphatic tissue at the back of the oral cavity that helps protect the entrance to the respiratory and digestive systems is:
1. thyr/o
2. thym/o
3. splen/o
4. tonsill/o

Answer 16

tonsill/o

The** tonsils (tonsill/o)** are the lymphatic glands that help protect the entrance to the respiratory and digestive systems. Notice that the word root is spelled with two l’s.

Question 17

A special type of cytokine that sends messages among leukocytes to direct protective action:
1. interleukins
2. lymphokines
3. monokines
4. interferons

Answer 17

interleukins

Cytokines are chemical messengers secreted by cells of the immune system to direct immune cellular interactions. Interleukins are cytokines that send messages among (inter-) leukocytes to direct protective action. Lymphocytes secrete lymphokines. Monocytes and macrophages secrete monokines. Interferons are protective proteins that can “interfere” with viral replication and limit a virus’s ability to damage the body.

Question 18

A group of inherited disorders in which the anemia is the result of a decrease in the synthesis of hemoglobin is:
1. thalassemia
2. pernicious anemia
3. folate deficiency
4. pancytopenia

Answer 18

thalassemia

Thalassemia is a group of inherited** blood disorders (-emia)** in people of African, Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian descent. The anemia results from a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis and the resultant decreased production and increased destruction of RBCs. “Thalass” is related to the Greek word for sea (thalassa), alluding to the Mediterranean sea.

Question 19

A substance formed by the body in reaction to a perceived foreign substance is a(n):
1. cytokine
2. lymphokine
3. antiboy
4. antigen

Answer 19

antibody

An antibody is formed in reaction to a perceived foreign substance (antigen).

Question 20

All blood cells originate from a single type of cell called a:

1. stem cell
2. erythropoietin
3. red blood cell
4. white blood cell

Answer 20

stem cell

All blood cells originate, or stem, from stem cells. Erythropoietin is a hormone released from the kidneys that stimulates the formation of red blood cells in bone marrow.

Question 21

HDN is a disorder of a mismatch between mother and fetus of what factor?
1. Rh
2. ANA
3. Hb
4. Hgb

Answer 21

Rh

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a disorder caused by a mismatch of Rh factor between mother and fetus. Rh is a type of antigen found on the erythrocyte surface in many people. Rh-positive red blood cells can enter the bloodstream of an Rh-negative person during pregnancy. An Rh-negative mother who delivers an Rh-positive child will, if she remains untreated, develop antibodies against the Rh factor. This will cause a harmful antigen-antibody reaction in Rh-positive children subsequently born to her.

Question 22

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the:

1. armpit
2. mediastinum
3. groin
4. neck

Answer 22

neck

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck (cervic/o). The axillary lymph nodes are located in the armpit (axill/o). The mediastinal lymph nodes are located in the middle chest region. The inguinal lymph nodes are located in the groin area.

Question 23

Choose the correct spelling of the term for a naturally occurring glycoprotein that is formed when cells are exposed to a virus.
1. interferon
2. interferone
3. intereferron
4. interferron

Answer 23

interferon

Interferon is a naturally occurring, species-specific glycoprotein that is formed when cells are exposed to a virus. These protective proteins can limit a virus’s ability to damage the body.

Question 24

Humoral immunity is the same as:

1. cell-mediated immunity
2. nonspecific immunity
3. agglutination
4. antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 24

antibody-mediate immunity

Humoral immunity is the type of immunity used by B cells to attack pathogens indirectly by secreting antibodies to destroy them. It is also known as antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 25

**An extreme form of an immune response in which the patient undergoes a severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways is:** 1. anaphylaxis 2. allergy 3. autoimmunity 4. lymphedema

Answer 25

anaphylaxis ## Footnote Anaphylaxis is an extreme form of an immune response marked by severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways.

Question 26

# In blood, antigens are termed: 1. interleukins 2. agglutinogens 3. agglutinins 4. cytokines

Answer 26

agglutinogens ## Footnote In blood, antigens are called agglutinogens** (agglutin/o = clumping** +** -gen = producing**) because their presence can cause the blood to clot. Their corresponding antibodies in blood are called agglutinins.

Question 27

# Diseases of the blood or bone marrow are referred to as: 1. morphologies 2. dyscrasias 3. anemias 4. lymphadenopathies

Answer 27

dyscrasias ## Footnote Diseases of the blood or bone marrow are called dyscrasias. One type of dyscrasia is anemia, a decrease of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and/or hematocrit. Other dyscrasias have to do with abnormalities of blood cells' morphology, or shape.

Question 28

# Acute lymphocytic leukemia: 1. is characterized by the proliferation of immature leukocytes 2. develops from immature bone marrow stem cells 3. is diagnosed by the detection of Reed-Sternberg cells 4. is a rare malignancy of the thymus gland

Answer 28

is characterized by the proliferation of immature leukocytes ## Footnote Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphocytes. It is the most common type of leukemia for individuals under the age of 19. Acute myelogenous leukemia develops from immature bone marrow stem cells.

Question 29

**The development of memory cells to protect the individual from a second exposure is:** 1. artificial passive acquired immunity 2. natural passive acquired immunity 3. artificial active acquired immunity 4. natural active acquired immunity

Answer 29

natural active acquired immunity ## Footnote The development of memory cells to protect the individual from a second exposure is natural active acquired immunity.

Question 30

# The P in PCV stands for: 1. packed 2. percentage 3. platelets 4. pernicious

Answer 30

pernicious ## Footnote Packed cell volume (PCV) is a laboratory test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

Question 31

# Another term for thrombocytes is: 1. erythrocytes 2. phagocytes 3. leukocytes 4. platelets

Answer 31

platelets ## Footnote Thrombocytes are also called platelets because they look like little plates. Thrombocytes are cell fragments that initiate the formation of a** blood clot (thromb/o).**

Question 32

# Anemia caused by blood loss is: 1. acute posthemorrhagic anemia 2. B12 deficiency 3. pernicious anemia 4. folate deficiency

Answer 32

acute posthemorrhagic anemia ## Footnote Acute posthemorrhagic anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells (anemia) that occurs after (post-) blood loss (hemorrhaging). B12 deficiency describes insufficient blood levels of vitamin B12 that are necessary for red blood cell maturation. Anemia from folate deficiency results from insufficient folic acid in the body. Pernicious anemia results from lack of intrinsic factor, necessary for the absorption of B12.

Question 33

** A disease of the lymph nodes or vessels that may be localized or generalized is:** 1. lymphadenopathy 2. lymphocytosis 3. lymphangitis 4. lymphadenitits

Answer 33

lymphadenopathy ## Footnote A **disease (-pathy)** of the **lymph nodes (lymphaden/o) **or vessels is called lymphadenopathy. Lymphadenitis is inflammation of a lymph node. Lymphangitis is inflammation of a lymph vessel. Lymphocytosis is an abnormal increase in the number of lymph cells.

Question 34

**The combining form for the gland instrumental in the development of T cells is:** 1. thyr/o 2. tonsill/o 3. thym/o 4. splen/o

Answer 34

thym/o ## Footnote The** thymus (thym/o)** is located in the mediastinum and is instrumental in the development of T cells.

Question 35

**Immunoglobulins harvested from a donor who developed resistance against specific antigens is: ** 1. natural active acquired immunity 2. artificial passive acquired immunity 3. natural passive acquired immunity 4. artificial active acquired immunity

Answer 35

artificial passive acquired immunity ## Footnote Artificial passive acquired immunity comes through the use of harvested donor immunoglobulins.

Question 36

# The abbreviation for thrombocytes, or platelets, is: 1. plats 2. WBCs 3. thrombs 4. plates

Answer 36

plats ## Footnote Thrombocytes are also called platelets because their round shape makes them look like small plates. This term is abbreviated plats.

Question 37

**Anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 is _____ anemia. ** 1. pernicious 2. autoimmune hemolytic 3. aplastic 4. nonautoimmune hemolytic

Answer 37

pernicious ## Footnote Pernicious anemia is a progressive anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. Pernicious means that this type of anemia is potentially injurious, destructive, or fatal unless treated.

Question 38

**Nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia involves red blood cell destruction that may be caused by: ** 1. decreased hemoglobin synthesis associated with aging 2. a drug or an infectious disease 3. B12 deficiency 4. genetically dysfunctional stem cells

Answer 38

a drug or an infectious disease ## Footnote Hemolytic anemias are either autoimmune acquired or nonautoimmune acquired. If the anemia is drug-induced or caused by an infectious disease, it is called nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia. When the body destroys its own RBCs with serum antibodies, the resulting anemia is called autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia.

Question 39

**A blood sample of a patient with sickle-cell anemia shows an abnormality of cell: ** 1. numbers 2. apheresis 3. morphology 4. coagulation

Answer 39

morphology ## Footnote Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin; the red blood cells develop a distorted crescent, or sickle, shape. ****Morphology refers to shape (morph/o).

Question 40

**Choose the term that best describes the temporary removal of blood from a donor in order to remove the plasma. ** 1. apheresis 2. plateletpheresis 3. leukapheresis 4. plasmapheresis

Answer 40

plasmapheresis ## Footnote Plasmapheresis is the temporary removal of blood from a donor in order to remove the plasma.