Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BHIS 406 Final Exam > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

A substance that produces an immune reaction because it is perceived as foreign to the body is a(n):
1. antibody
2. macrophage
3. phagocyte
4. antigen

A

antigen

An antigen is a substance that produces an immune reaction because it is perceived by the body as being foreign. Most antigens, like bacteria and viruses, are, in fact, foreign substances. When antigens enter the body, antibodies are produced to neutralize them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T cells attack antigens directly in:

  1. aggultination
  2. antibody-mediate immunity
  3. nonspecific immunity
  4. cell-mediated immunity
A

cell-mediated immunity

T cells attack antigens directly in what is called cell-mediated immunity. B cells attack pathogens indirectly by secreting antibodies to destroy the pathogens. This is known as antibody-mediated immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An individual with which type of blood is considered a universal donor?
1. A
2. AB
3. B
4. O

A

O

Type O blood has both antibodies because it contains no antigens. Because type O blood contains neither antigen A nor B and can be administered with minimal risk of agglutination, it is referred to as universal donor blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

**
A patient is diagnosed with ___, which is an overwhelming systemic infection that enters the blood from other tissues.**
1. leukemia
2. septicemia
3. sideropenia
4. leukopenia

A

septicemia

In septicemia, pathogenic microorganisms invade the blood from other tissues, causing an overwhelming blood infection (septic/o, sept/o, seps/o = infection; -emia = blood condition) and leading to a systemic inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Passage of antibodies through the placenta or breast milk is which type of immunity?
1. natural active acquired immunity
2. natural passive acquired immunity
3. artificial passive acquired immunity
4. artificial active acquired immunity

A

natural passive acquired immunity

Natural passive acquired immunity is acquired through the passage of antibodies via the placenta or breast milk. The development of memory cells to protect the individual from a second exposure is natural active acquired immunity. Artificial active acquired immunity comes from vaccinations. Artificial passive acquired immunity comes through the use of harvested donor immunoglobulins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stopping bleeding is called:

  1. homeostasis
  2. hemosiderin
  3. hematopoiesis
  4. hemostasis
A

hemostasis

Hemostasis is the stopping or controlling (-stasis) of blood (hem/o) flow. Homeostasis refers to a “steady state,” a continual balancing of the body’s internal environment. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood formation. Hemosiderin is an iron (sider/o) pigment, one product of the process of hemolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The bleeding disorder characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues is:

  1. hemophilia
  2. purpura
  3. polycythemia vera
  4. thrombocytopenia
A

purpura

Purpura is a bleeding disorder marked by hemorrhage into the tissues. This is a coagulation, or clotting, disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A deficiency of clotting cells is:

  1. polycythemia vera
  2. leukopenia
  3. thrombocytopenia
  4. purpura
A

thrombocytopenia

The bleeding disorder thrombocytopenia is a deficiency (-penia) of clotting cells (thrombocytes). The insufficient number of platelets (thrombocytes) makes it difficult or impossible for blood to clot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A test of blood plasma to detect coagulation defects of the intrinsic system that is used to detect hemophilia is:
1. MCHC
2. PTT
3. ESR
4. MCH

A

PTT

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is used to detect hemophilia. This test of blood plasma detects coagulation defects of the intrinsic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

An example of a second-line nonspecific defense is:

  1. the skin
  2. fever
  3. perspiration
  4. sneezing
A

fever

Fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis are second-line nonspecific defense immune responses. The first line of defense in nonspecific immunity can be mechanical (i.e., skin and mucus), physical (i.e., coughing, sneezing, vomiting), and chemical (i.e., tears, saliva, perspiration).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Choose the correct spelling of the term for a substance that prevents the clotting process.
1. antiacogulant
2. anticoagulant
3. anticoagulent
4. antiocoagulent

A

anticoagulant

Anticoagulant is the correct spelling of the term for a substance that prevents the clotting process (coagulation). Anti- means against.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The condition in which T cells attack a person’s own cells is called:

  1. AIDS
  2. autoimmune disease
  3. allergy
  4. mononucleosis
A

autoimmune disease

Autoimmune disease is the condition in which a person’s T cells attack his or her own cells, causing extensive tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Auto- means self, referring to the fact with this condition a person’s immune response turns against itself. Examples of autoimmune disease include rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phagocytes are a type of:

  1. erythrocytes
  2. cytokine
  3. thrombocytes
  4. leukocytes
A

leukocytes

Phagocytes are a type of leukocyte (white blood cell). They are able to surround, engulf, and ingest microorganisms, particulate antigens, and cellular debris. Phag/o means to eat, swallow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pyrexia is the medical term for:

  1. a vitamin deficiency
  2. fever
  3. natural destruction of old red blood cells
  4. destruction of pathogenic microorganisms
A

fever

A condition (-exia) of fever (pyr/o) is pyrexia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Monocytes change into ____, destroy pathogens, and collect debris from damaged cells.
1. B cells
2. T cells
3. macrophages
4. NK cells

A

macrophages

Macrophages are a type of mononuclear phagocytic cell that destroys pathogens and clears away the debris from damaged cells. Phag/o means to eat or swallow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The combining form for the lymphatic tissue at the back of the oral cavity that helps protect the entrance to the respiratory and digestive systems is:
1. thyr/o
2. thym/o
3. splen/o
4. tonsill/o

A

tonsill/o

The** tonsils (tonsill/o)** are the lymphatic glands that help protect the entrance to the respiratory and digestive systems. Notice that the word root is spelled with two l’s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A special type of cytokine that sends messages among leukocytes to direct protective action:
1. interleukins
2. lymphokines
3. monokines
4. interferons

A

interleukins

Cytokines are chemical messengers secreted by cells of the immune system to direct immune cellular interactions. Interleukins are cytokines that send messages among (inter-) leukocytes to direct protective action. Lymphocytes secrete lymphokines. Monocytes and macrophages secrete monokines. Interferons are protective proteins that can “interfere” with viral replication and limit a virus’s ability to damage the body.

18
Q

A group of inherited disorders in which the anemia is the result of a decrease in the synthesis of hemoglobin is:
1. thalassemia
2. pernicious anemia
3. folate deficiency
4. pancytopenia

A

thalassemia

Thalassemia is a group of inherited** blood disorders (-emia)** in people of African, Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian descent. The anemia results from a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis and the resultant decreased production and increased destruction of RBCs. “Thalass” is related to the Greek word for sea (thalassa), alluding to the Mediterranean sea.

19
Q

A substance formed by the body in reaction to a perceived foreign substance is a(n):
1. cytokine
2. lymphokine
3. antiboy
4. antigen

A

antibody

An antibody is formed in reaction to a perceived foreign substance (antigen).

20
Q

All blood cells originate from a single type of cell called a:

  1. stem cell
  2. erythropoietin
  3. red blood cell
  4. white blood cell
A

stem cell

All blood cells originate, or stem, from stem cells. Erythropoietin is a hormone released from the kidneys that stimulates the formation of red blood cells in bone marrow.

21
Q

HDN is a disorder of a mismatch between mother and fetus of what factor?
1. Rh
2. ANA
3. Hb
4. Hgb

A

Rh

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a disorder caused by a mismatch of Rh factor between mother and fetus. Rh is a type of antigen found on the erythrocyte surface in many people. Rh-positive red blood cells can enter the bloodstream of an Rh-negative person during pregnancy. An Rh-negative mother who delivers an Rh-positive child will, if she remains untreated, develop antibodies against the Rh factor. This will cause a harmful antigen-antibody reaction in Rh-positive children subsequently born to her.

22
Q

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the:

  1. armpit
  2. mediastinum
  3. groin
  4. neck
A

neck

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck (cervic/o). The axillary lymph nodes are located in the armpit (axill/o). The mediastinal lymph nodes are located in the middle chest region. The inguinal lymph nodes are located in the groin area.

23
Q

Choose the correct spelling of the term for a naturally occurring glycoprotein that is formed when cells are exposed to a virus.
1. interferon
2. interferone
3. intereferron
4. interferron

A

interferon

Interferon is a naturally occurring, species-specific glycoprotein that is formed when cells are exposed to a virus. These protective proteins can limit a virus’s ability to damage the body.

24
Q

Humoral immunity is the same as:

  1. cell-mediated immunity
  2. nonspecific immunity
  3. agglutination
  4. antibody-mediated immunity
A

antibody-mediate immunity

Humoral immunity is the type of immunity used by B cells to attack pathogens indirectly by secreting antibodies to destroy them. It is also known as antibody-mediated immunity.

25
Q

An extreme form of an immune response in which the patient undergoes a severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways is:
1. anaphylaxis
2. allergy
3. autoimmunity
4. lymphedema

A

anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is an extreme form of an immune response marked by severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways.

26
Q

In blood, antigens are termed:

  1. interleukins
  2. agglutinogens
  3. agglutinins
  4. cytokines
A

agglutinogens

In blood, antigens are called agglutinogens** (agglutin/o = clumping** +** -gen = producing**) because their presence can cause the blood to clot. Their corresponding antibodies in blood are called agglutinins.

27
Q

Diseases of the blood or bone marrow are referred to as:

  1. morphologies
  2. dyscrasias
  3. anemias
  4. lymphadenopathies
A

dyscrasias

Diseases of the blood or bone marrow are called dyscrasias. One type of dyscrasia is anemia, a decrease of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and/or hematocrit. Other dyscrasias have to do with abnormalities of blood cells’ morphology, or shape.

28
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia:

  1. is characterized by the proliferation of immature leukocytes
  2. develops from immature bone marrow stem cells
  3. is diagnosed by the detection of Reed-Sternberg cells
  4. is a rare malignancy of the thymus gland
A

is characterized by the proliferation of immature leukocytes

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphocytes. It is the most common type of leukemia for individuals under the age of 19. Acute myelogenous leukemia develops from immature bone marrow stem cells.

29
Q

The development of memory cells to protect the individual from a second exposure is:
1. artificial passive acquired immunity
2. natural passive acquired immunity
3. artificial active acquired immunity
4. natural active acquired immunity

A

natural active acquired immunity

The development of memory cells to protect the individual from a second exposure is natural active acquired immunity.

30
Q

The P in PCV stands for:

  1. packed
  2. percentage
  3. platelets
  4. pernicious
A

pernicious

Packed cell volume (PCV) is a laboratory test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

31
Q

Another term for thrombocytes is:

  1. erythrocytes
  2. phagocytes
  3. leukocytes
  4. platelets
A

platelets

Thrombocytes are also called platelets because they look like little plates. Thrombocytes are cell fragments that initiate the formation of a** blood clot (thromb/o).**

32
Q

Anemia caused by blood loss is:

  1. acute posthemorrhagic anemia
  2. B12 deficiency
  3. pernicious anemia
  4. folate deficiency
A

acute posthemorrhagic anemia

Acute posthemorrhagic anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells (anemia) that occurs after (post-) blood loss (hemorrhaging). B12 deficiency describes insufficient blood levels of vitamin B12 that are necessary for red blood cell maturation. Anemia from folate deficiency results from insufficient folic acid in the body. Pernicious anemia results from lack of intrinsic factor, necessary for the absorption of B12.

33
Q

**
A disease of the lymph nodes or vessels that may be localized or generalized is:**
1. lymphadenopathy
2. lymphocytosis
3. lymphangitis
4. lymphadenitits

A

lymphadenopathy

A disease (-pathy) of the **lymph nodes (lymphaden/o) **or vessels is called lymphadenopathy. Lymphadenitis is inflammation of a lymph node. Lymphangitis is inflammation of a lymph vessel. Lymphocytosis is an abnormal increase in the number of lymph cells.

34
Q

The combining form for the gland instrumental in the development of T cells is:
1. thyr/o
2. tonsill/o
3. thym/o
4. splen/o

A

thym/o

The** thymus (thym/o)** is located in the mediastinum and is instrumental in the development of T cells.

35
Q

**Immunoglobulins harvested from a donor who developed resistance against specific antigens is:
**
1. natural active acquired immunity
2. artificial passive acquired immunity
3. natural passive acquired immunity
4. artificial active acquired immunity

A

artificial passive acquired immunity

Artificial passive acquired immunity comes through the use of harvested donor immunoglobulins.

36
Q

The abbreviation for thrombocytes, or platelets, is:

  1. plats
  2. WBCs
  3. thrombs
  4. plates
A

plats

Thrombocytes are also called platelets because their round shape makes them look like small plates. This term is abbreviated plats.

37
Q

**Anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 is _____ anemia.
**
1. pernicious
2. autoimmune hemolytic
3. aplastic
4. nonautoimmune hemolytic

A

pernicious

Pernicious anemia is a progressive anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. Pernicious means that this type of anemia is potentially injurious, destructive, or fatal unless treated.

38
Q

**Nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia involves red blood cell destruction that may be caused by:
**
1. decreased hemoglobin synthesis associated with aging
2. a drug or an infectious disease
3. B12 deficiency
4. genetically dysfunctional stem cells

A

a drug or an infectious disease

Hemolytic anemias are either autoimmune acquired or nonautoimmune acquired. If the anemia is drug-induced or caused by an infectious disease, it is called nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia. When the body destroys its own RBCs with serum antibodies, the resulting anemia is called autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia.

39
Q

**A blood sample of a patient with sickle-cell anemia shows an abnormality of cell:
**
1. numbers
2. apheresis
3. morphology
4. coagulation

A

morphology

Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin; the red blood cells develop a distorted crescent, or sickle, shape. **Morphology refers to shape (morph/o).

40
Q

**Choose the term that best describes the temporary removal of blood from a donor in order to remove the plasma.
**
1. apheresis
2. plateletpheresis
3. leukapheresis
4. plasmapheresis

A

plasmapheresis

Plasmapheresis is the temporary removal of blood from a donor in order to remove the plasma.

BHIS 406 Final Exam (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions