Module 10 Flashcards
Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium in systole across a diseased valve is called:
1. mitral stenosis
2. myocardial infraction
3. mitral regurgitation
4. mitral valve prolapse
mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the backflow (regurgitation) of blood during systole from the left ventricle into the left atrium across a diseased valve. One cause of MR is mitral valve prolapse, which occurs when one or both cusps of the mitral valve may protrude back into the left atrium during ventricular systole. Mitral stenosis is narrowing of the mitral valve. Myocardial infarction is a heart attack.
**
An idiopathic disease of the peripheral vascular system that causes intermittent cyanosis and/or erythema of the distal ends of the fingers and/or toes is:**
1. Raynaud disease
2. Raynaud phenomenon
3. DVT
4. claudication
Raynaud disease
Raynaud disease is an idiopathic disease of the peripheral vascular system. Symptoms include intermittent cyanosis and/or erythema of the distal ends of the fingers or toes. Raynaud phenomenon is secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or trauma. Presentation is unilateral.
Choose the correct spelling of the term for the heart’s natural pacemaker.
1. sinoartrial node
2. sinoatrial node
3. synovenatrial node
4. synoartrial node
sinoatrial node
The sinoatrial node (SA) is known as the heart’s natural pacemaker. The SA node sends an electrical impulse through both atria, pausing at the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is a small mass of cardiac muscle.
Localized dilation of an artery caused by a congenital or acquired weakness in the wall of a vessel is:
1. claudication
2. varicosity
3. aneurysm
4. arteriosclerosis
aneurysm
An aneurysm is a localized dilation of an artery caused by a congenital or acquired weakness in the wall of a vessel. A varicosity is a varicose vein, an enlarged tortuous vein caused by valves that aren’t functioning properly. Claudication is cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation in the leg muscles. Arteriosclerosis describes a loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
Any abnormality of the sinus node is referred to as:
- sinus node sickness
- sinus dysrhythmia
- sick sinus syndrome
- abnormal sinus rhythm
sick sinus syndrome
Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a complex of arrhythmias associated with sinus node dysfunction. The condition may result from a variety of cardiac diseases but is most commonly related to either intermittent sinoatrial (SA) block or inadequate SA conduction.
A combining form for an upper chamber of the heart is:
- sept/o
- atri/o
- ventricul/o
- antr/o
atri/o
The upper chambers of the heart are the atria (atri/o). The lower chambers of the heart are the ventricles (ventricul/o).
**In _____ circulation, the blood traveling away from the heart first passes through the aorta on the _____ side of the heart.
**
1. pulmonary, right
2. pumonary, left
3. systemic, left
4. systemic, right
systemic, left
In systemic circulation, the blood traveling away from the heart first passes through the aorta on the left side of the heart. The systemic circulation carries blood to the cells of the body, where nutrient and waste exchange takes place. The wastes, such as carbon dioxide, are carried back to the heart on the return trip. This blood is then pumped out of the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.
**Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the _____ and returns to the heart through the _____.
**
1. coronary arteries, pulmonary veins
2. venae cavae, aorta
3. aorta, venae cavae
4. pulmonary arteries, coronary veins
aorta, venae cavae
Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta, the largest artery in the body. Blood returns to the heart through the venae cavae (sing., vena cava), which are large veins that transport blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the systemic circulation.
**Build a term for a procedure to remove a blood clot along with part of the lining of his obstructed artery.
**
1. endo- + arter/o + ather/o + -ectomy
2. thromb/o + endo- + arter/o + -ectomy
3. thromb/o + ather/o + -ectomy
4. endo- + ather/o + thromb/o + -ectomy
thromb/o + endo- + arter/o + -ectomy
Thromboendarterectomy is the** removal (-ectomy)** of a blood clot (thromb/o), along with part of the lining (endo-) of the obstructed artery (arter/o). Note that the** “o” of endo- **is dropped for easier pronunciation.
Choose the correct alternative name for the bundle of His.
- sinoatrial valve
- atrioventricular node
- natural pacemaker
- atrioventricular bundle
atrioventricular bundle
An electrical signal begins in the right atrium at the SA node (the natural pacemaker). When these atria contract, the signal passes through the AV node, into the bundle of His (the AV bundle), which is a band of specialized cardiac muscle fibers. From there it travels into the Purkinje fibers and into the bundle branches in both ventricles.
Inflammation of either deep or superficial veins with the formation of one or more blood clots is:
1. peripheral vascular disorder
2. thrombophlebitis
3. varicose veins
4. phlebitis
thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis is** inflammation (-itis)** of either deep or superficial veins (phleb/o) with the formation of one or more blood clots (thromb/o). When thrombophlebitis affects the deep veins, it is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Lack of oxygen in the blood may be evidenced as a bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and/or lips known as:
1. diaphoresis
2. pallor
3. edema
4. cyanosis
cyanosis
Cyanosis is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen. Cyan/o means blue. Pallor is a paleness of skin. Diaphoresis is profuse sweating. Edema is abnormal fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces of tissues.
Cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation in the leg muscles are:
1. Raynaud disease
2. Raynaud phenomenon
3. claudication
4. DVT
claudication
Cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation in the leg muscles are known as claudication. This term has its origins in the Latin verb to limp, derived from the word for lame, claudus.
Paroxysmal chest pain often accompanied by shortness of breath and a sensation of impending doom is:
1. myocardial infarction
2. coronary artery disease
3. myocardial infraction
4. angina pectoris
angina pectoris
Symptoms of angina pectoris include shortness of breath, a sensation of impending doom, and paroxysmal chest pain. These pains occur in the neck, chest, left shoulder, and left arm, and are usually caused by oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle.
Deoxygenated blood travels to the lungs through the:
- pulmonary arteries
- coronary arteries
- venae cavae
- aorta
pulmonary arteries
Deoxygenated blood travels to the** lungs (pulmon/o)** through the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.
A synonym for the bicuspid valve is:
- pulmonic semilunar valve
- mitral valve
- tricuspid valve
- aortic semilunar valve
mitral valve
The terms bicuspid valve and mitral valve refer to the same anatomic structure: the valve between the left upper and lower chambers of the heart.
Digital subtraction angiography is the injection of a radiopaque substance during cardiac catheterization for the purpose of imaging the heart and related structures.
1. True
2. False
False
The question defines angiocardiography. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a digital imaging process wherein contrast images are used to “subtract” the noncontrast image of surrounding structures, leaving only a clear image of blood vessels.
A varicose condition of the external or internal rectal veins is:
- proctitis
- hemorrhoids
- proctalgia
- phlebitis
hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are a varicose condition of the external or internal rectal veins that can cause painful swelling near the anus.
Open-heart surgery in which a piece of a blood vessel from another location is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage is:
1. PTCA
2. MIDCAB
3. CABG
4. TMR
CABG
A coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is an open-heart procedure that involves grafting a piece of healthy blood vessel from one location, like a leg, into one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage.
**Choose the term for the surgical division of a fibrous band or ring connecting corresponding body parts that is used to separate the thickened adherent leaves of a stenosed mitral valve.
**
1. commissurotomy
2. cardiac defibrillation
3. coronary artery bypass graft
4. endarterectomy
commissurotomy
Commissurotomy is the surgical division of a fibrous band or ring connecting corresponding body parts. Commissur/o means connection; -tomy means surgical incision. Commissurotomy is commonly performed to separate thickened, adherent leaves of a stenosed mitral valve.
**A disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and lose their elasticity, without the presence of atheromas, is:
**
1. arteriosclerosis
2. aneurysm
3. peripheral arterial occlusion
4. atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is a disease in which the walls of an artery (arteri/o) become thickened and lose their elasticity. The suffix -sclerosis means hardening. Hardening of the arteries with the presence of atheromas is atherosclerosis. Ather/o means fat, plaque. Atheromas can reduce or obstruct blood flow.
Cardiac tissue death that occurs when a coronary artery is occluded is:
1. myocardial infarction
2. congestive heart failure
3. coronary artery disease
4. coronary artery bypass graft
myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction describes the necrosis (death) of a portion of the myocardial muscle due to an obstruction in a coronary artery either caused by atherosclerosis or a thrombus.
A congenital anomaly that consists of four defects—pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, malposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy—is called ___.
1. tetralogy of Fallot
2. Raynaud phenomenon
3. diaphoresis
4. DVT
tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital anomaly that consists of four (tetra-) defects: pulmonic stenosis; ventricular septal defect; malposition of the aorta; and right ventricular hypertrophy.
**A physical examination technique of tapping and listening to internal body sounds is abbreviated:
**
1. A&P
2. BP
3. EST
4. ECHO
A & P
Auscultation is the act of listening for sounds within the body to evaluate organs. It is usually performed using a stethoscope. Percussion is a technique in physical examination of tapping the body to evaluate internal organs and to discover the presence and evaluate the amount of fluid in a body cavity. Performed together, these techniques are referred to as auscultation and percussion (A&P).
