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BHIS 406 Final Exam > Module 16 > Flashcards

Module 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The production or origin of cancer is called:

  1. carcingenesis
  2. carcigenesis
  3. carciogenesis
  4. carcinogenesis
A

carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis is a term that refers to the production or origin (-genesis) of cancer (carcin/o).

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2
Q

The medical term for wasting is:

  1. cachexia
  2. parageusia
  3. dystrophy
  4. anorexia
A

cachexia

Cachexia is the medical term for wasting. Cachexia refers to general ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation; usually associated with severe disease, such as tuberculosis or cancer.

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3
Q

Malignant tumors derived from connective tissue are:

  1. sarcomas
  2. carcinomas
  3. leukemias
  4. lymphomas
A

sarcomas

Sarcomas are malignant tumors (-oma) derived from connective tissue (sarc/o).

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4
Q

A characteristic of benign tumors is that they:

  1. are prone to ulceration and necrosis
  2. remain isolated
  3. have rapid growth
  4. invade surrounding tissue
A

remain isolated

Benign tumors remain isolated. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, grow quickly, invade surrounding tissue, and are prone to ulceration and necrosis.

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5
Q

The body’s normal function of keeping cell growth in check is:

  1. hyperplasia
  2. dysplasia
  3. apoptosis
  4. hypoplasia
A

apoptosis

Apoptosis is the body’s normal function of keeping cell growth in check. Apo- means separate, away from; the suffix** -ptosis means falling, sagging**.

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6
Q

A rare type of pleural cancer resulting from exposure to asbestos is:

  1. pneumoconiosis
  2. mesothelioma
  3. small-cell carcinoma
  4. asbestosis
A

mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a rare malignant tumor of the mesothelium of the pleura or peritoneum, associated with exposure to asbestos.

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7
Q

**The goal of this cancer treatment is to destroy the nuclei of cancer cells, thereby destroying the cells’ ability to reproduce and spread:
**
1. chemotherapy
2. radiotherapy
3. surgery
4. systemic therapy

A

radiotherapy

The goal of radiotherapy is to destroy the nuclei of the cancer cells, thereby destroying their ability to reproduce and spread.

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8
Q

**A breast cancer patient has her breast, lymph nodes, and muscles under the breast removed. This procedure is called a(n):
**
1. lumpectomy
2. en bloc resection
3. radical mastectomy
4. simple mastectomy

A

radical mastectomy

A radical mastectomy involves the surgical removal of the breast (mast/o), lymph nodes, and the muscles under the breast.

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9
Q

The M in TNM staging stands for:

  1. metastasis
  2. malignancy
  3. mastectomy
  4. monoclonal
A

metastasis

In TNM staging, T refers to the size of the tumor, N stands for the number of lymph nodes positive for cancer, and M stands for the presence of distant metastasis.

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10
Q

A radiographic imaging procedure used in a guided breast biopsy:

  1. intravenous urography
  2. computed tomography
  3. mammography
  4. stereotactic mammography
A

stereotactic mammography

Stereotactic (3-D) mammography may be used for an image-guided biopsy. Mammography is the radiographic imaging (-graphy) of the breast (mamm/o) to early breast cancer.

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11
Q

A cancer of the connective tissue of the musculoskeletal system is:

  1. rhabdomyosarcoma
  2. myxosarcoma
  3. Kaposi sarcoma
  4. basal cell carcinoma
A

rhabdomyosarcoma

A cancer (-sarcoma) of the musculoskeletal system is a rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomy/o refers to skeletal muscle. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a highly malignant tumor that is derived from primitive striated muscle cells and occurs most commonly in the head and the neck.

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12
Q

Malignant tumors derived from bone marrow are:

  1. carcinomas
  2. lymphomas
  3. leukemias
  4. sarcomas
A

leukemias

Leukemias are malignant tumors derived from bone marrow. Leukemia is a broad term given to a group of malignant diseases characterized by diffuse replacement of bone mmmarrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors, abnormal numbers and forms of iature white cells in circulation, and infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Leuk/o = white blood cell; -emia means blood condition.

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13
Q

**A diagnostic imaging procedure that allows for the determination of the size, shape, location, and blood supply of a tumor is:
**
1.magnetic resonance imaging
2.SPECT
3.computed tomography
4.radiography

A

computed tomography

A computed tomography scan is not only able to determine the size, shape, location, and blood supply of the tumor, but can also be used to place needles for biopsy. An MRI (magnetic resonance image) is a three-dimensional procedure that is useful for imaging tumors in difficult-to-image areas. Radiography may be used as an initial imaging procedure but can only show the size and location of larger tumors. A SPECT scan is used for finding metastases to bone tissue.

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14
Q

The majority of malignant tumors are:

  1. lymphomas
  2. leukemias
  3. sarcomas
  4. carcinomas
A

carcinomas

The majority of malignant tumors are carcinomas, which derive from the embyronic layers that develop into epithelial tissue that covers or lines the surfaces of the body.

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15
Q

**A type of treatment that requires a matching donor to allow the patient to produce healthy blood cells is:
**
1. chemotherapy
2. AFP
3. PSA
4. BMT

A

BMT

A bone marrow transplant (BMT) involves the removal of healthy bone marrow from a matching donor and its subsequent injection into the patient with the goal of stimulating normal blood cell growth.

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16
Q

The degree of dedifferentiation of cancer cells is evaluated with:

  1. metastasizing
  2. sizing
  3. grading
  4. staging
A

grading

Grading is an evaluation of the degree of dedifferentiation (anaplasia) of cancer cells, or how much the cells appear different from their original form. Staging determines the size and spread of the cancer from its original site. Staging and grading a cancer help determine the most effective treatment.

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17
Q

An astrocytoma is a benign tumor of the _____ system.

  1. nervous
  2. endocrine
  3. urinary
  4. gastrointestinal
A

nervous

An astrocytoma is a benign tumor of the nervous system arising from large star-shaped glial cells. Astr/o = star. In higher grades (3/4), it becomes malignant and is termed a glioblastoma multiforme.

18
Q

A malignant neoplasm of the nervous system is:

  1. teratoma
  2. glioblastoma multiforme
  3. neuroma
  4. rhabdomyosarcoma
A

glioblastoma multiforme

A cancer of the nervous system is glioblastoma multiforme. Gli/o refers to the supportive tissue of the nervous system.

19
Q

A patient with cervical dysplasia has a(n) _____ growth.

  1. normal
  2. whitish
  3. abnormal
  4. lack of
A

abnormal

Cervical dysplasia is abnormal tissue development of the uterine cervix, with atypical epithelium that may slowly progress to carcinoma. It is classified as a benign condition.

20
Q

**A targeted radiation therapy that uses digital diagnostic imaging and specialized software to treat tumors without damaging surrounding tissue is called:
**
1. three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy
2. brachytherapy
3. stereotactic mammography
4. intensity-modulated radiation therapy

A

three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) is a targeted radiation therapy that uses digital diagnostic imaging and specialized software to treat tumors without damaging surrounding tissue.

21
Q

The medical term for how much cancer cells appear different from their original form is:
1. apoptosis
2. anaplasia
3. metastasis
4. dysplasia

A

anaplasia

Anaplasia (dedifferentiation) is a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversion to a more primitive form. Anaplasia is characteristic of malignancy.

22
Q

The abbreviation for the therapeutic procedure that uses high-dosage radiation delivered via a beam that can change its dosage and shape is:
1. 3DCRT
2. CT
3. IMRT
4. MRI

A

IMRT

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) uses high-dosage radiation delivered via a beam, which can change its dosage and shape.

23
Q

A benign neoplasm of the integumentary system is a(n):

  1. dermatofibroma
  2. choroidal hemangioma
  3. thymoma
  4. basal cell carcinoma
A

dermatofibroma

Dermatofibroma, a skin (dermat/o) nodule, is a benign neoplasm of the integumentary system. Basal cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the integumentary system. A choroidal hemangioma is a benign growth in the eye. Thymoma is a benign growth of the immune system.

24
Q

TNM is a ____ system.

  1. staging
  2. grading
  3. dedifferentiation
  4. metastatic
A

staging

TNM is a staging system. Staging cancerous tumors focuses on the size and spread (metastasis) of the cancer from its original site. T = size of tumor, N = number of lymph nodes involved, and M = the presence of distant metastases.

24
Q

A tumor characterized as T1N2M0 has moved beyond its site of origin.

  1. True
  2. False
A

False

T1N2M0 can be decoded as follows: The T refers to the size and extent of the tumor itself; T1 suggests a small tumor. The letter N represents the number of regional lymph nodes involved, which in this case is two. Finally, the letter M refers to the spread to distant sites in other words, the number of metastases, which in this case is zero.

25
Q

Malignant tumors derived from epithelial tissue are:

  1. carcinomas
  2. leukemias
  3. sarcomas
  4. lymphomas
A

carcinomas

Malignant tumors derived from epithelial tissue are carcinomas. Leukemias are malignant tumors derived from bone marrow. Lymphoma is a usually malignant neoplasm of lymphatic tissue. Sarcomas are often malignant neoplasms of the soft tissues arising in fatty, fibrous, vascular, synovial, or neural tissue.

26
Q

A malignant tumor that contains large spindle cells of smooth muscle is called a(n):
1. osteosarcoma
2. leiomyoma
3. rhabdomyosarcoma
4. leiomyosarcoma

A

leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma is the correct spelling of the term for the malignant tumor (-sarcoma) that contains large spindle cells of smooth muscle (leiomy/o). Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle (leiomy/o) tumors (-oma).

27
Q

The American Cancer Society created the acronym CAUTION, which lists general criteria for detecting cancer. The letter C stands for:
1. changes in bowel or bladder habits
2. coughing
3. changes in vision
4. cachexia

A

changes in bowel or bladder habits

The CAUTION criteria are a general set of guidelines that may indicate many types of cancer: Change in bowel or bladder habits; A sore that does not heal; Unusual bleeding or discharge; Thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, or elsewhere; Indigestion or difficulty swallowing; Obvious changes in a wart, mole, or mouth sore; Nagging cough or hoarseness.

28
Q

**Levels of this are elevated in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphatic leukemia:
**
1. AFP
2. BTA
3. hCG
4. B2M

A

B2M

Levels of beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) are elevated in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphatic leukemia.

29
Q

Patient M will receive ___, a therapy that uses needles or beads containing radioactive gold, cobalt, or radium placed directly on the cancer.
1. gold therapy
2. chemotherapy
3. radiotherapy
4. brachytherapy

A

brachytherapy

Brachytherapy uses radiation placed directly on the cancer through the use of needles or beads containing radioactive gold, cobalt, or radium.

30
Q

If cancer cells appear only at the original site and have not invaded the organ of origin, it is called:
1. metastasis
2. dedifferentiation
3. CIS
4. sentinel node

A

CIS

If cancer cells appear only at the original site and have not invaded the organ of origin, it is called carcinoma in situ (CIS). Carcinoma in situ denotes the early stage of a cancer before it spreads. The cancer remains situated in the place (in situ) where it began.

31
Q

A cancer of the urinary system is:

  1. Wilms tumor
  2. papilloma
  3. dermatofibroma
  4. nephroma
A

Wilms tumor

Wilms tumor is a cancer of the urinary system affecting the kidney in children.

32
Q

Choose the correct spelling of the term for a type of urinary cancer.

  1. hemangioma
  2. neuroma
  3. thymoma
  4. nephroblastoma
A

nephroblastoma

Nephroblastoma is a type of kidney (nephr/o) tumor (-oma) that develops from embryonic (blast/o) cells.

33
Q

The term ___ in your patient s diagnostic report suggests malignant tumors derived from bone marrow.
1. leukemia
2. rhabdomyosarcoma
3. osteosarcoma
4. myxosarcoma

A

leukemia

Leukemia is the term for malignant tumors derived from bone marrow.

34
Q

Malignant tumors that arise from plasma cells in the bone marrow are:

  1. myelomas
  2. sarcomas
  3. leukemias
  4. carcinomas
A

myelomas

Malignant** tumors (-oma)** that arise from plasma cells in the bone marrow (myel/o) are myelomas.

35
Q

A breast cancer patient has a procedure to remove a cancerous tumor from her breast. This procedure is a(n):
1. simple mastectomy
2. lumpectomy
3. radical mastectomy
4. en bloc resection

A

lumpectomy

A lumpectomy is the surgical procedure to remove only the cancerous tumor from the breast.

36
Q

**A breast cancer patient has a procedure to remove her cancerous tumor and lymph nodes, which is called a(n):
**
1. radical mastectomy
2. en bloc resection
3. lumpectomy
4. simple mastectomy

A

en bloc resection

En bloc resection describes the surgical procedure to remove the cancerous tumor and lymph nodes.

37
Q

A characteristic of malignant tumors is that they:

  1. are fast growing
  2. are well differentiated
  3. are slow growing
  4. are encapsulated
A

are fast growing

One characteristic of malignant tumors is that they exhibit rapid growth, invading surrounding tissue by infiltration.

38
Q

The spread of cancer by direct extension or to distant sites is:

  1. CIS
  2. apoptosis
  3. dedifferentiation
  4. metastasis
A

metastasis

The spread of cancer by direct extension or to distant sites is metastasis. Metastasis literally means **beyond (meta-) **stopping or controlling (-stasis).

39
Q

The medical term anorexia in your patient’s medical report indicates:

  1. the destruction of healthy cells
  2. a lack of appetite
  3. the uncontrolled spread of cancer
  4. a change in the structure and orientation of cells
A

a lack of appetite

Anorexia is a** lack of (an-) appetite (-orexia).**

BHIS 406 Final Exam (8 decks)

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