Module 9

Question 1

Diffusion / facilitated diffusion / osmosis / bulk transport / active transport

Answer 1

All part of transportation across membranes
Diffusion(high to low concentration)
Facilitated(carrier-mediated)
Osmosis(high to low water potential)
Bulk(exocytosis/endocytosis)
Active(proton pumps)

Question 2

Osmotic pressure

Answer 2

Tendency for water tp diffuse via osmosis

Question 3

Hypertonic / hypotonic / isotonic

Answer 3

Highest [conc.] / low [conc.] / balanced (conc.]

Question 4

Turgor pressure

Answer 4

Presses plasma membrane against cell wall

Question 5

Chemiosmosis

Answer 5

Movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure down their electrochemical gradient

Question 6

Thylakoid

Answer 6

Stacks (hollow)
Protein clusters where light reactions take place
Inside chloroplast

Question 7

Stroma

Answer 7

Plasma within chloroplasts

Question 8

Chloroplast

Answer 8

Most his world depends on this for fixed carbon
Two membranes, complex membrane structure inside

Question 9

Phycobiliproteins

Answer 9

Water soluble, in stroma, Cyanobacteria, rhydophyta

Question 10

Carotenoids

Answer 10

Found in all 3 domains of life
Embedded in thylakoid membrane

Question 11

Accessory pigments

Answer 11

Absorbs pigments that chl a doesn’t

Question 12

Chlorophyll

Answer 12

Green pigment found in plants

Question 13

Antenna complex

Answer 13

Chl molecule packed together with proteins

Question 14

Reaction center

Answer 14

As semblance of proteins and pigments

Question 15

Photosystem

Answer 15

Mechanism in plants by which chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Two PS embedded in thylakoid membrane

Question 16

Oxidation / reduction

Answer 16

Loses electrons / gains electrons

Question 17

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer 17

Results in movement of electrons in a non-cyclic manner for synthesizing ATP molecules using energy from excite delectrons provided photosystem II

Question 18

Carbon fixation

Answer 18

Process by wherein photosynthetic organisms turn inorganic carbon into organic compounds

Question 19

Rubisco

Answer 19

The enzyme responsible for the fixation of carbon derived from atmospheric CO2 as part of Calvin cycle that leads to production of glucose essential for growth in photosynthetic organisms

Question 20

Photorespiration

Answer 20

Respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide

Question 21

Peptidoglycan

Answer 21

Substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides

Question 22

Binary fission

Answer 22

Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
Organisms duplicates genetic material and divides into two parts

Question 23

Bacterial conjugation

Answer 23

Exchange of plasmids
Small rings of DNA not part of main chromosomes

Question 24

Obligate aerobe / obligate anaerobe / facultative aerobe

Answer 24

Require O2 / cannot function in presence of O2 / can be either(use O2 of present or use fermentation if O2 absent)

Question 25

Photoautotroph

Answer 25

Organisms that use light energy and inorganic carbon to produce organic materials

Question 26

Stromalite

Answer 26

Layers of Cyanobacteria and CaCO3 rich sediment Very abundant when earth was young Geologically ancient-35 billion years

Question 27

Trichome

Answer 27

Unicellular or multicellular appendages which are an extension of the above-ground epidermal cells in plants

Question 28

Uniseriate / multiseriate filaments

Answer 28

Only 1 trichome in filament / 1 cell across the filament Both can branch

Question 29

Nitrogenase

Answer 29

Metalloenzyme system that plays a critical role in biological nitrogen fixation

Question 30

Heterocyst

Answer 30

Thick walled cells that appear hollow (unpigmented) No photosynthesis Prevents atmosphere gases from entering

Question 31

Hormogonium

Answer 31

Short pieces of trichome

Question 32

Akinete

Answer 32

Thick walled resting endospore

Question 33

Endosymbiosis

Answer 33

One of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

Question 34

Calvin cycle: CO2, ATP, NADPH

Answer 34

Captures CO2 and reduces CO2, uses NADPH and some ATP to turn 3PG to G3P that turns them into NADH AND ADD

Question 35

Great Oxygenation event

Answer 35

An accumulation of oxygen in a preoxygenated world The splice in oxygen presence in a once anoxic world

Question 36

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 36

Only Cyanobacteria and some other prokaryotes cam do this Only Cyanobacteria release O2 during photosynthesis