Module 8: Statistics Flashcards
Measurement
the act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things according to rules
Descriptive Statistics
methods used to provide concise description of a collection of quantitative information
Inferential Statistics
method used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as sample to a larger group of individuals known as population
Magnitude
the property of “moreness”
Equal Intervals
the difference between two points at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the difference between two other points that differ by the same number of scale units
Absolute 0
when nothing of the property being measured exists
Scale
+ a set of numbers who properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned
+ the way numbers are categorized or assigned
What are the types of scales?
- Continuous Scale
- Discrete Scale
Continuous Scale
+ takes on any value within the range and the possible value within that range is infinite
+ used to measure a variable which can theoretically be divided
Discrete Scale
+ can be counted; has distinct, countable values
+ used to measure a variable which cannot be theoretically be divided
Error
+ refers to the collective influence of all the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test or measurement
+ degree to which the test score/measurement may be wrong, considering other factors like state of the testtaker, venue, test itself etc.
What kind of scale always involves error?
Measurement with continuous scale always involve with error
What are the four levels of scales of measurement?
- Nominal
- Order
- Interval
- Ratio
Nominal
+ involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics
+ label and categorize observations but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations
+ mode
Ordinal
+ rank ordering on some characteristics is also permissible
+ median
Interval
+ contains equal intervals, has no absolute zero point (even negative values have interpretation to it)
+ zero value does not mean it represents none
Ratio
+ has true zero point (if the score is zero, it means none/null)
+ easiest to manipulate
Distribution
defined as a set of test scores arrayed for recording or study
Raw Scores
straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that is usually numerical
Frequency Distribution
all scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred
Independent Variable
being manipulated in the study
Quasi-Independent Variable
+ nonmanipulated variable to designate groups
+ Factor: for ANOVA
Post-Hoc Tests
used in ANOVA to determine which mean differences are significantly different
Turkey’s HSD Test
allows the compute a single value that determines the minimum difference between treatment means that is necessary for significance