Module 10: Personality Tests Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different personality tests?
A
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
- Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
- Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS)
- Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)
- NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)
- Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao/Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino
- Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
- Big Five Inventory-II (BFI-2)
- California Psychological Inventory (CPI-434)
- Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)
- Thurstone Interest Schedule (TIS)
- Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)
2
Q
Who developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) test?
A
Starke Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley
3
Q
What is the age span of the individuals who can take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) test?
A
16 years old and older
4
Q
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
A
+ Multiphasic personality inventory intended for used with both clinical and normal populations to identify sources of maladjustment and personal strengths
+ Help in diagnosing mental health disorders, distinguishing normal from abnormal
+ elicits a wide range of self-descriptions scored to give a quantitative measurement of an individual’s level of emotional adjustment and attitude toward test-taking
5
Q
Who is the ideal person to whom the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) should be given to?
A
should be administered to someone with no guilt feelings for creating a crime
6
Q
How should the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) be administered: by individual or by group?
A
individual or by groups
7
Q
How many scales does MMPI have?
A
Original MMPI had 13 scales, whilst the latest ver (MMPI-II) maintained the original 10 scales
8
Q
What is the most important approach in the MMPI?
A
most important approach taken during construction of the MMPI was Empirical Criterion Keying (development, selection, and scoring of items within the scales was based on some external criterion of reference)
9
Q
Clinical Scales of MMPI
A
- Hypochondriasis (Hs)
- Depression (D)
- Hysteria (Hy)
- Psychopathic Deviate (Pd)
- Masculinity/Femininity (Mf)
- Paranoia (Pa)
- Psychasthenia (Anxiety, Depression, OCD) (Pt)
- Schizophrenia (Sc)
- Hypomania or Mania (Ma)
- Social Introversion (Si)
10
Q
Hypochondriasis (Hs)
A
present multiple, vague, and chronic physical problems
11
Q
Depression (D)
MMPI Clinical Scale
A
depressed mood, low self-esteem, lethargy, and feelings of guilt
12
Q
Hysteria (Hy)
MMPI-2 Scale
A
develop physical symptoms in reaction to stress and can be dependent, naïve, infantile, and narcissistic
13
Q
Psychopathic Deviate (Pd)
MMPI-2 Scale
A
associated with antisocial behavior
14
Q
Masculinity/Femininity (Mf)
A
interests more traditionally viewed as feminine or masculine
15
Q
Paranoia (Pa)
A
suspicious, aloof, guarded, and overly sensitive
16
Q
Psychasthenia (Anxiety, Depression, OCD) (Pt)
A
tense, anxious, ruminative, obsessive, phobic, and rigid
17
Q
Schizophrenia (Sc)
MMPI-2 Scale
A
withdrawn, moody, and confused
18
Q
Hypomania or Mania (Ma)
MMPI-2 Scale
A
sociable and optimistic, though can be manipulative and grandiose
19
Q
Social Introversion (Si)
MMPI-2 Scale
A
introverted, withdrawn, submissive, over controlled, tense, inflexible (high scorers)
20
Q
Validity/Dissimulation scales
MMPI-2
A
understand how genuine a test taker’s answers are
21
Q
What are the Validity/Dissimulation scales of the MMPI-2?
A
- Lie Scale (L Scale)
- Infrequency Scale (F Scale)
- Superlative Self Presentation Scale (S Scale)
- Correction Scale (K Scale)
- “Cannot Say” (CNS or ?) Scale
- True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)
- Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN or VRIN)
- Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale (Fp)
- Fake Bad Scale (FBS)
- Back Page Infrequency (Fb)
22
Q
Lie Scale (L Scale)
MMPI-2 Validity/Dissimulation Scales
A
items that are somewhat negative but apply to most people; assess the likelihood of the test taker to approach the instrument with defensive mindset
23
Q
High in L scale
A
faking good
24
Q
Low in L scale
A
frank and open regarding responses to items, can be sarcastic and cynical
25
Infrequency Scale (F Scale)
+ reveal inconsistencies in answer patterns and could also indicate severe distress or psychopathology
+ measures the extent to which a person answers in an atypical and deviant manner
26
High in F scale
faking bad, severe distress or psychopathology
27
Moderate Scores in F scale
draw attention to distress as cry for help, may be rebellious, antisocial, curious, psychologically sophisticated
28
Low Scores in F scale
perceive the world as most other people do, possible denial of difficulties
29
Superlative Self Presentation Scale (S Scale)
a measure of defensiveness; Superlative Self-Presentation to see if you intentionally distort answers to look better (Social Desirability)
30
Correction Scale (K Scale)
+ reflection of the frankness of the testtaker’s self-report
+ reveals a person’s defensiveness around certain questions and traits; also faking good
31
What is K scale sometimes used for?
K scale sometimes used to correct scores on five clinical scales. The scores are statistically corrected for an individual’s overwillingness or unwillingness to admit deviance
32
“Cannot Say” (CNS or ?) Scale
+ measures how a person doesn’t answer a test item; number of items left unanswered
+ client might have difficulties with reading, psychomotor retardation, or extreme defensiveness
33
True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)
five true, then five false answers
34
Very High Score in TRIN
person is indiscriminately answering “true” to the items
35
Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN or VRIN)
random true or false
+ expected to be answered in a consistent manner if the person is approaching the testing in a valid manner
+ if a person answers in the opposite direction, then it indicates an inconsistent response and is, therefore, scored as 1 raw score point on the VRIN Scale
36
High VRIN Score
indiscriminate responding, profile should be considered invalid and should not be interpreted
37
Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale (Fp)
reveal intentional or unintentional over-reporting
38
High Fp
high probability of faking or exaggerating psychopathology, even among psychiatric patients
39
Fake Bad Scale (FBS)
+ “symptom validity scale” designed to detect intentional over-reporting of symptoms
+ detect personal injury claimants who were exaggerating their difficulties
40
Back Page Infrequency (Fb)
+ reflects significant change in the testtaker’s approach to the latter part of the test
+ identify a “fake bad” mode of responding for the last 197 items
41
High Fb
exaggeration of psychopathology
42
Higher-Order Scales
| MMPI-2
1. Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (EID)
2. Thought Dysfunction (THD)
3. Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BXD)
43
Who developed the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)?
Leslie Morey
44
What are the span of ages of individuals who may take the PAI?
18 to 89
45
What are the span of ages of individuals who may take the PAI-A?
PAI-A for 12-18 years old
46
What is the format of Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)?
self-administered, paper-and-pencil/online test composed of 344 statements for which the respondent must choose who true each is for him or her
47
Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
assesses psychopathological syndromes and provide information relevant for clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and screening for psychopathology
48
How were the items of each scale of the PAI developed?
items for each scale were developed based on extensive reviews of both historical, conceptual literature and contemporary, empirical literature, focusing on the concepts that are central and core to the concepts of each construct
49
Validity Scales of PAI
1. Inconsistency (ICN)
2. Infrequency (INF)
3. Negative Impression (NIM)
4. Positive Impression (PIM)
49
Clinical Scales of PAI
1. Somatic Complaints (SOM)
2. Anxiety (ANX)
3. Anxiety-Related Disorders (ARD)
4. Depression (DEP)
5. Mania (MAN)
6. Paranoia (PAI)
7. Schizophrenia (SCZ)
8. Borderline Features (BOR)
9. Antisocial Features (ANT)
10. Alcohol Problems (ALC)
11. Drug Problems (DRG)
50
Treatment Scales of PAI
1. Aggression (AGG)
2. Suicidal Ideation (SUI)
3. Stress (STR)
4. Nonsupport (NON)
5, Treatment Rejection (RXR)
51
Interpersonal Scales of PAI
1. Dominance (DOM)
2. Warmth (WRM)
52
Who made the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
Katherine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers
53
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Self-report inventory designed to identify a person’s personality type, strengths, and preferences
54
What are the scales of the MBTI?
1. Extraversion-Introversion Scale
2. Sensing-Intuition Scale
3. Thinking-Feeling Scale
4. Judging-Perceiving Scale
55
Extraversion-Introversion Scale (MBTI)
where you prefer to focus your attention and energy, the outer world and external events or your inner world of ideas and experiences
56
Sensing-Intuition Scale
how do you take inform, you take in or focus on interpreting and adding meaning on the information
57
Thinking-Feeling Scale
how do you make decisions, logical or following what your heart says
58
Judging-Perceiving Scale
how do you orient the outer world? What is your style in dealing with the outer world – get things decided or stay open to new info and options?
59
Who can take the Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS)?
Adults
60
Who developed the Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS) test?
Edwards, A. L.
61
Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS)
designed primarily as an instrument for research and counselling purposes to provide quick and convenient measures of a number of relatively normal personality variables
62
What is Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS) based on?
based of Murray’s Need Theory
63
Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS)
Objective, forced-choice inventory for assessing the relative importance that an individual places on 15 personality variables
64
What is the Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS) useful for?
Useful in personal counselling and with non-clinical adults
65
Is the Edward’s Preference Personality Schedule (EPPS) individual or group assessment?
Individual
66
Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)
J.P. Guilford & Wayne Zimmerman
67
What is the span of ages for individuals who can take the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)?
16 yrs and older
68
What is the format of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)?
+ items are stated affirmatively rather than in question form, using the 2nd person pronoun
+ factor analysis
69
What are the personality traits measured in the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)?
1. General Activity (G)
2. Restraint (R)
3. Ascendance (A)
4. Sociability (S)
5. Emotional Stability (E)
6. Objectivity (O)
7. Friendliness (F)
8. Thoughtfulness (T)
9. Personal Relations (P)
10. Masculinity (M)
70
Who developed the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)?
Costa and McCrae
71
What is the span of ages of individuals who may take the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)?
17 to 89 years old
72
What is the span of ages of individuals who may take the NEO-PI-3?
12 to 99 years old
73
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)
Standard questionnaire measure of the Five Factor Model, provides systematic assessment of emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles
74
What test is dubbed as the gold standard for personality assessment?
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)
75
What are other things to remember about the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)?
+ Self-Administered
+ T-scores
76
What is the brief version of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)?
NEO-FFI
77
Neuroticism (NEO-PI-R)
identifies individuals who are prone to psychological distress
78
What does the Neuroticism (NEO-PI-R) scale measure?
measures the tendency toward emotional instability, turmoil, and general distress
79
What does it mean when an individual scores high in neuroticism in the NEO-PI-R?
anxious, emotionally labile, quick to anger, sad, impulsive, low self-worth
80
What does it mean when an individual scores low in neuroticism in the NEO-PI-R?
emotionally stable and secure, less prone to sadness
81
What does it mean when an individual scores extremely low in neuroticism in the NEO-PI-R?
less productive, no sense of urgency
82
What are the scales for neuroticism?
1. Anxiety (N1)
2. Angry Hostility (N2)
3. Depression (N3)
4. Self-Consciousness (N4)
5. Impulsiveness (N5)
6. Vulnerability (N6)
83
Anxiety (N1) (neuroticism; NEO-PI-R)
measure proneness to becoming tense, jittery, nervous, fearful
84
Angry Hostility (N2) (neuroticism; NEO-PI-R)
tendency toward anger bitterness, and resentment
85
Depression (N3) (neuroticism; NEO-PI-R)
likelihood to experience the range of depressive affects, including sadness, loneliness, hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness, etc.
86
Self-Consciousness (N4) (neuroticism; NEO-PI-R)
measures discomfort with social awkwardness
87
Impulsiveness (N5) (neuroticism; NEO-PI-R)
measures the degree to which individuals have difficulty resisting their urges
88
Vulnerability (N6) (neuroticism; NEO-PI-R)
measures the degree to which individuals feel capable or not of coping with stress
89
Extraversion (NEO-PI-R)
quantity and intensity of energy directed
90
What does Extraversion (NEO-PI-R) measure?
measures the degree to which individuals are not only outgoing and sociable, but also assertive, upbeat, warm, and friendly
91
What does it mean when someone scores high in Extraversion (NEO-PI-R)?
talkative, warm, and friendly, leaders, but can be quite socially dominant and aggressive
92
What does it mean when someone scores low in Extraversion (NEO-PI-R)?
prefers to be on their own, reserved
93
What are the scales for extraversion (NEO-PI-R)?
1. Warmth (E1)
2. Gregariousness (E2)
3. Assertiveness (E3)
4. Activity (E4)
5. Excitement-Seeking (E5)
6. Positive Emotions (E6)
94
Warmth (E1) (NEO-PI-R)
measures comfort with interpersonal intimacy and closeness
95
Gregariousness (E2) (NEO-PI-R)
measures the preference for having other people around
96
Assertiveness (E3) (NEO-PI-R)
tendency to make oneself heard and known in social situations
97
Activity (E4) (NEO-PI-R)
measures the amount of energy and gusto with which individuals live their lives
98
Excitement-Seeking (E5) (NEO-PI-R)
measures the need for and enjoyment in high-stimulating activities
99
Positive Emotions (E6) (NEO-PI-R)
tendency to experience positive emotions like happiness, joy, bliss, and love
100
Openness to Experience (NEO-PI-R)
+ active seeking and appreciation of experiences for their own sake
+ encompasses many different personality traits that have been researched in the literature, including imagination, curiosity, attunement toward personal emotions, and preference for abstract thinking
101
What does it mean when someone scores high in openness to experience (NEO-PI-R)?
intellectually and creatively curious, open to new ideas and to values and theories that may contradict or challenge their own
102
What does it mean when someone scores low in openness to experience (NEO-PI-R)?
conservative and conventional, realistic and level-headed in solving problems
103
What are the scales of openness to experience (NEO-PI-R)?
1. Fantasy (O1)
2. Aesthetics (O2)
3. Feelings (O3)
4. Actions (O4)
5. Ideas (O5)
6. Values (O6)
104
Fantasy (O1) (NEO-PI-R)
how active one’s imagination is and how much fantasy is used not as an escape from reality, but as a way to create, solve problems, and even interact with the world
105
Aesthetics (O2) (NEO-PI-R)
measures the interest in and absorption by art, beauty, and even the inherent beauty in nature
106
Feelings (O3) (NEO-PI-R)
measures openness to one’s inner emotional life, including both allowing oneself to feel deep emotions and valuing them as integral to the entire, full human experience
107
Actions (O4) (NEO-PI-R)
measures the behavioral aspects of openness, relating to trying novel and unknown activities, foods, and places
108
Ideas (O5) (NEO-PI-R)
measure a cognitive aspect of openness, related to intellectual curiosity
109
Values (O6) (NEO-PI-R)
measure the willingness to re-examine one’s values of people with different worldviews, different cultures, and a changing world, in general
110
Agreeableness (NEO-PI-R)
the kind of interactions an individual prefers from compassion to tough mindedness
111
What does agreeableness in NEO-PI-R measure?
measures both attitudes about the trustworthiness and general goodness of others and behaviors related to respecting, empathizing with, and deferring to others
112
What does it mean when one scores high in agreeableness?
sympathetic, willing to help, cooperative, believes are others are generally decent and hones
113
What does it mean when one scores low in agreeableness?
skeptical of others, expecting competition and challenge from people around them, sarcastic and stubborn
114
Trust (A1) (NEO-PI-R)
faith in the goodness of the human spirit
115
Straightforwardness (A2) (NEO-PI-R)
measures directness, honesty, and genuineness
116
Altruism (A3) (NEO-PI-R)
measure genuine concern for the well-being of others
117
Compliance (A4) (NEO-PI-R)
related to the way individuals react to conflict with others
118
Modesty (A5) (NEO-PI-R)
measures the outward-facing trait of humility, including beliefs about being better than or equal to others and whatever they would be likely to boast about their achievements
119
Tender-Mindedness (A6) (NEO-PI-R)
measure sympathy and concern for others
120
Conscientiousness (NEO-PI-R)
degree of organization, persistence, control, and motivation in goal-directed behavior
121
What does conscientiousness measure (NEO-PI-R)?
measures an array of traits related to both an orientation toward accomplishing things and the behavioral correlates of doing so successfully
122
What does it mean when someone scores high in conscientiousness?
motivated to achieve their goals, plans and organize well, extremely reliable but can also be moralistic and judgmental of both themselves and others
123
What does it mean when someone scores low in conscientiousness?
often unprepared and disorganized, do not think through potential consequences before acting, not overly driven to succeed
124
What are the scales for conscientiousness (NEO-PI-R)?
1. Competence (C1)
2. Order (C2)
3. Dutifulness
4. Achievement Striving (C4)
5. Self-Discipline (C5)
6. Deliberation (C6)
125
Competence (C1) (NEO-PI-R)
measure the feeling that one is generally effective and capable to succeed in tasks and life in general
126
Order (C2) (NEO-PI-R)
measures preference for neatness, tidiness, and orderliness
127
Dutifulness (C3) (NEO-PI-R)
measures the degree to which individuals do things that they feel they should do
128
Achievement Striving (C4) (NEO-PI-R)
relates to an attitude of aspiration and striving to succeed in their goals
129
Self-Discipline (C5) (NEO-PI-R)
ability to actually follow through on a plan once it is set
130
Deliberation (C6)
measures the degree to which individuals think and plan out carefully before acting
131
What is the span of ages of individuals who may take the Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao/Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino?
13 years and older
132
Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao/Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino
+ Indigenous personality test
+ Tap specific values, traits and behavioral dimensions related or meaningful to the study of Filipinos
133
What are the scales for the Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao/Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino?
1. Pagkamaalalahanin (Thoughtfulness)
2. Pagkamaayos (Organized)
3. Pagkamadaldal (Social Curiosity)
4. Pagkamagalang (Respectfulness)
5. Pagkamahinahon (Emotional Stability)
6. Pagkamalikhain (Creativity)
7. Pagkamapagkumbaba (Humility)
8. Pagkamapagsapalaran (Risk-Taking)
9. Pagkamadamdamin (Sensitiveness)
10. Pagkamasiyahin (Cheerfulness)
11. Pagkamasikap (Achievement-Oriented)
12. Pagkamasunurin (Obedience)
13. Pagkamatalino (Intelligence)
14. Pagkamatapat (Honesty)
15. Pagkamatiyaga (Patience)
16. Pagkamatulungin (Helpfulness)
17. Pagkamaunawain (Capacity for Understanding)
18. Pagkapalakaibigan (Sociability)
19. Pagkaresponsable (Responsibility)
134
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
+ Evaluates a personality on two levels of traits
+ constructed through factor analysis
135
Who developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)?
Raymond Cattell
136
What are the primary scales of the 16PF?
A Warmth (where)
B Reasoning (r)
C Emotional Stability (everyone?)
E Dominance (does)
F Liveliness (life)
G Rule-Consciousness (really)
H Social Boldness (suck?)
I Sensitivity (satisfy my)
L Vigilance (virgin)
M Abstractedness (ass)
N Privateness (putangina)
0 Apprehension (ay wow)
Q1 Openness to change (oh)
Q2 Self-Reliance (shit!)
Q3 Perfectionism (perfect)
Q4 Tension (timing!)
137
What are the Global Scales for the 16 PF?
1. Extraversion
2. Anxiety
3. Tough-Mindedness
4. Independence
5. Self-Control
138
What are the Response Style Indices for the 16PF?
a. Impression Management
b. Acquiescence
c. Infrequency
139
Impression Management (16PF)
answering in socially desirable or undesirable way
140
What does a sten score of 9 or 10 (95th percentile) in Impression Management of 16 PF mean?
sten score of 9 or 10 at or above the 95th percentile denotes Social Desirability
141
What does a sten score of 1 or 2 (below the 5th percentile) in Impression Management of 16 PF mean?
a sten score of 1 or 2, or a score below the 5th percentile means that the client has attempted to give a socially unfavorable image
142
Acquiescence (16 PF)
+ agree to questions regardless of the
content
+ scores at or above 95th percentile
+ count each “true”
+ confused when completing the questionnaire
143
Infrequency (16 PF)
+ detects unusual responses, responded randomly or indecisively
+ count “B or ?” response
+ scores at or above 95th percentile
+ poor comprehension
+ trying to avoid making a wrong impression
144
Who developed the Big Five Inventory-II (BFI-2)?
Soto & John
145
Format of Big Five Inventory-II (BFI-2)
Assesses big 5 domains and 15 facets
146
What is the Big Five Inventory-II (BFI-2) used for?
for commercial purposes to researches and students
147
Who developed the California Psychological Inventory (CPI-434)?
Harrison G. Gough
148
What is the span of ages of individuals who may take the California Psychological Inventory (CPI-434)?
13 years old and older
149
California Psychological Inventory (CPI-434)
create efficient and productive organizations, promote teamwork, build leadership competencies, and find and develop employees who are destined for success
150
Format of California Psychological Inventory (CPI-434)
+ CPI-260, short form, 40-60 minutes
+ T-Scores
151
Folk Scales of California Psychological Inventory (CPI-434)
1. Capacity for Status
2. Sociability
3. Social Presence
4. Self-Acceptance
5. Sense of Well-Being
6. Responsibility
7. Socialization
8. Self-Control
9. Tolerance
10. Good Impression
11. Communality
12. Achievement via Conformance
13. Achievement via Independence
14. Intellectual Efficiency
15. Psychological Mindedness
16. Femininity/Masculinity Independence
17. Flexibility and Empathy
152
Who developed the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)?
E.K. Strong
153
What is the span of ages of individuals who may take the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)?
15 years old and older
154
What does the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) help in?
help individuals in identifying their work personality by exploring their interests in six broad areas: RIASEC
155
Who developed the Thurstone Interest Schedule (TIS)?
Thurstone, L.L.
156
Thurstone Interest Schedule (TIS)
+ checklist by which a person can systematically clarify his understanding of his vocational interest
+ designed as a counseling instrument to be used in situations in which the client-counselor relationship is such that straightforward and honest
157
Who may take the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?
Adults & Adolescents
158
Who developed the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?
Douglas Jackson
159
Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)
self-report measure of general domain of psychopathology
160
Format of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)
240 true/false items, 11 substantive clinical scales and one critical item scale
161
Dimensions of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)
1. Alienation
2. Anxiety
3. Denial
4. Depression
5. Deviation
6. Hypochondriasis
7. Impulse Expression
8. Interpersonal Problems
9. Persecutory Ideas
10. Self-Depreciation
11. Social Introversion
12. Thinking Disorder
