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Intro to Public Health > Module 8 (Chronic Diseases & Conditions) > Flashcards

Module 8 (Chronic Diseases & Conditions) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Non-Communicable Disease Causation Pathway

A

Underlying Determinants
(globalization, urbanization, population ageing, social determinants)

Common Risk Factors
(tobacco, diet, alcohol, physical inactivity, air-pollution, age, heredity)

Intermediate Risk Factors
(high blood sugar / pressure / cholesterol, overweight / obese, abnormal lung function)

Diseases
(cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory)

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2
Q

What are the environmental factors of chronic disease?

A

built environment
food
alcohol
water
air
radiation
chemicals

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3
Q

What are some diseases that are both infectious and chronic?

A

Hepatitis B
HPV
Lyme Disease
Poliomyelitis
HIV / AIDS

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4
Q

What is the difference between infectious (communicable) and chronic (non-communicable) diseases?

A

Communicable diseases (follows predictable patterns) comprise infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and measles, while non-communicable diseases (NCDs - do not follow predictable patterns, though this is under debate) are mostly chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes.

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5
Q

What are some common chronic heart diseases?

A

Coronary heart disease (most common, caused by buildup of plaque)
Diseases of blood vessels
Rheumatic heart diseases (caused by improperly treated rheumatic fever or strep)
Congenital heart disease

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6
Q

What are common acute events associated with chronic heart disease?

A

deep vein thrombosis (blood clot in deep veins - can lead to PE)

Pulmonary embolism (clot gets stuck in lungs artery)

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident, blood flow to brain is blocked -ischemic- or bleeding in the brain-hemorragic)

Heart attack (myocardial infarction, blood flow suddenly blocked and heart can’t get enough oxygen)

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7
Q

What are the top risk factors for chronic cardiovascular disease?

A

Smoking
Physical inactivity
Eating <5 fruits and veggies per day
Obesity
Even having high blood pressure or cholesterol
Diabetes

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8
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA.

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9
Q

What are leading risk factors for cancer?

A

High body fat
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Physical inactivity
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Carcinogens
Aging
Gender (men more likely)
Race / ethnicity (black people more likely)
Family history
Hormone exposure (especially estrogen)

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10
Q

Why do cancer cells multiply uncontrollably?

A

Unlike normal genes, oncogenes cannot be turned off, so they cause uncontrolled cell growth. In normal cells, tumor suppressor genes prevent cancer by slowing or stopping cell growth. DNA changes that inactivate tumor suppressor genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.

(multiplication caused by mutations of several genes)

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11
Q

What were the top 3 cancers in women and men in 2013?

A

Women: breast, lung / bronchus, colorectal

Men: prostate, lung / bronchus, colorectal

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12
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose).

Type 1 (child onset): insulin production failure
Type 2 (previously adult onset): insulin resistance

When cells stop responding to insulin (sugar doesn’t go into cells to make energy), then too much sugar stays in the blood - this can lead to heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease

This also leads to poor wound healing and sometimes nerve damage

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13
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome includes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels. The syndrome increases a person’s risk for heart attack and stroke.

Aside from a large waist circumference, most of the disorders associated with metabolic syndrome have no symptoms.

Weight loss, exercise, a healthy diet, and smoking cessation can help. Medications may also be prescribed.

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14
Q

What are considered the 10 great public health achievements from 2001-2010?

A
  1. vaccinations preventing disease
  2. prevention / control of infectious disease
  3. tobacco control
  4. maternal and infant health (many less neural tube defects, interventions for genetic disorders, endocrine disorders, and hearing loss)
  5. Motor Vehicle Safety
  6. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
  7. Occupational Safety (lifting equipment, less youth farm injuries, dock stability for crabbing vehicles)
  8. Cancer prevention
  9. Childhood lead poisoning prevention
  10. Public health preparedness and response
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15
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence.

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16
Q

Describe the top 10 cancers by incidence rate and mortality rate

A
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17
Q

What is a genome?

A

The genome is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell. In humans, the genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the cell’s nucleus, as well as a small chromosome in the cell’s mitochondria. A genome contains all the information needed for an individual to develop and function.

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18
Q

Describe the build of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A
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19
Q

Describe the build of a chromosome

A
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20
Q

Describe the build of a genome (the whole genetic system)

A
21
Q

How do genes impact genetic diseases?

A

These diseases can be inherited but can also be caused by gene mutations
Genes can increase susceptibility to adulthood illnesses
Severity of some genetic condition may be affected by the environment

22
Q

What is an exposome?

A

The exposome is a concept used to describe environmental exposures that an individual encounters throughout life, and how these exposures impact biology and health. It encompasses both external and internal factors, including chemical, physical, biological, and social factors that may influence human health.

23
Q

How many US children have a birth defect?

A

1 in 33

24
Q

What is the most common cause of death in infants?

A

birth defects

25
Q

When do most birth defects develop?

A

first 3 months of pregnancy

26
Q

What are common methods of preventing birth defects?

A

genetic / newborn screening
FDA regulation of teratogenic drugs
Warning against alcohol / smoking while pregnant
Pain med reduction (can lead to heart and neural tube defects)
Immunization against rubella
Advised folic acid supplement

27
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

A teratogen is anything a person is exposed to or ingests during pregnancy that’s known to cause fetal abnormalities.

28
Q

What is genomic medicine?

A

Genomic medicine is an emerging medical discipline that involves using genomic information about an individual as part of their clinical care (e.g. for diagnostic or therapeutic decision-making) and the health outcomes and policy implications of that clinical use.

(This can also help see what diseases you might pass to your children and help screen your infants)

29
Q

How many disease tests does Georgia require in Newborn Screenings?

A

30

30
Q

What is precision medicine?

A

medical care designed to optimize efficiency or therapeutic benefit for particular groups of patients, especially by using genetic or molecular profiling.

31
Q

What is germplasm theory?

A

Coined by August Weissman in 1892

In the germ plasm theory, inheritance in a multicellular organism only takes place by means of the germ cells: the gametes, such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body do not function as agents of heredity.

32
Q

What is Modern Evolutionary Synthesis?

A

Darwin focused on natural selection;
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis identifies the significance of three more evolutionary forces: mutation, gene flow and genetic drift.

Mutation: provides and maintains genetic variation amongst individuals in a population (prime factor for natural selection)

Gene Flow: movement of genetic information from one population to another (e.g. individuals migrate, providing their new population with more, new alleles)

Genetic Drift: fluctuation of frequency of alleles. An allele can become recessive or disappear completely due to random selection (there is no competition among alleles)

33
Q

What are alleles?

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

34
Q

What is epigenetic transgenerational inheritance?

A

“germline-mediated (sexual reproduction) inheritance of epigenetic information between generations in the absence of continued direct environmental influences that leads to phenotypic variation”

35
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

36
Q

What is artherosclerosis?

A

hardening of the arteries via plaque buildup (and a big contributor to heart disease)

37
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all the cells in your body. Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs.

Cholesterol and its derivatives are important constituents of cell membranes and precursors of other steroid compounds, but a high proportion in the blood of low-density lipoprotein (which transports cholesterol to the tissues) is associated with an increased risk atherosclerosis and of coronary heart disease.

38
Q

What is hypertension / high blood pressure?

A

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.

Usually hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120.

High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke (can contribute to atherosclerosis) as well as kidney disease

Eating a healthier diet with less salt, exercising regularly, and taking medications can help lower blood pressure.

39
Q

How does cancer metastasize?

A

Stimulation of the growth of blood vessels that feed the tumor (so the tumor can grow rapidly)

Cancer cells then break off from the original tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymph vessels and establish new tumors

40
Q

What are three underrepresented chronic illnesses?

A

Mental illness

Alzheimer’s and dementia

Arthritis (typically in terms of lowered quality of life)

41
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

A carcinogen is a substance, organism or agent capable of causing cancer. Carcinogens may occur naturally in the environment (such as ultraviolet rays in sunlight and certain viruses) or may be generated by humans (such as automobile exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke). Most carcinogens work by interacting with a cell’s DNA to produce mutations.

42
Q

What are some infectious diseases known to affect fetal development?

A

Syphilis
Rubella
Toxoplasmosis

43
Q

What is autosomal dominant disorder?

A

Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. “Autosomal” means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. “Dominant” means that a single copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to cause the disorder.

Examples: Huntington’s Disease, Achondroplasia, and Marfan Syndrome

44
Q

What is autosomal recessive disorder?

A

Autosomal recessive is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. “Autosomal” means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. “Recessive” means that two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) are required to cause the disorder. Parents may not be aware they have the gene.

Examples: Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and thalassemia

45
Q

What are X linked disorders?

A

Caused by defective gene on the female (X) chromosome

Tend to occur in males due to the presence of only one X chromosome (women have two X chromosomes which often balance each other out)

Examples: Hemophilia , Muscular Dystrophy

46
Q

What is the function of newborn screening?

A

Looking for metabolic disorders which can be treated soon after birth, often preventing many or all complications

Phenylketonuria (PKU) often causes mental retardation; doctors have learned to fix this with a low PKU diet due to newborn screening

47
Q

What was the Human Genome Project?

A

The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.

Successfully identified key genes and 92% of the genome overall

48
Q

What are genomics?

A

the branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.

studies how genes act in the body and how they interact with environmental influences to cause disease

Intro to Public Health (14 decks)

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