Module 14: The Future, the Aging Population, and Emergency Response

Question 1

What is the Silver Tsunami?

Answer 1

The Silver Tsunami is a metaphor used to describe population aging; specifically, baby boomers reaching the age of 65 and older.

Question 2

What are major issues with the aging population?

Answer 2

Lower fertility

Racial disparities

Elder poverty

Multiple chronic conditions and resulting medical costs

Question 3

What are local resources for aging populations?

Answer 3

Georgia Council on Aging (GCOA)
GA Department of Human Services: Division of Aging Services

Question 4

What is PHEP?

Answer 4

Public Health Emergency Preparedness

Question 5

What are some common threats for public health emergencies?

Answer 5

Sanitation and hygiene
spread of infectious diseases
lack of medical supplies
health and safety of responders
poor mental health
overwhelming number of casualties
lack of health care

Question 6

What is the Incident Command System (ICS)?

Answer 6

Roles of responders and other agencies are defined in the Incident Command System or ICS. The ICS is a management system designed to enable an efficient incident management by integrating a combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure. ICS is normally structured to facilitate activities in five major function areas: command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance. The ICS structure allows for integration of federal, state, tribal, and local agencies into the response. It allows for a coordinated effort that can be as large or as small as the response dictates.

Question 7

What is the National Incident Managements System (NIMS)?

Answer 7

The National Incident Management System (NIMS) guides all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations and the private sector to work together to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to and recover from incidents.

NIMS provides stakeholders across the whole community with the shared vocabulary, systems and processes to successfully deliver the capabilities described in the National Preparedness System. NIMS defines operational systems that guide how personnel work together during incidents.

Question 8

What is Emergency Support Function (ESF) 8?

Answer 8

ESF 8 – Public Health and Medical Services provides the mechanism for coordinated Federal assistance to supplement State, Tribal, and local resources in response to the following:

Public health and medical care needs
Veterinary and/or animal health issues in coordination with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Potential or actual incidents of national significance
A developing potential health and medical situation
ESF #8 involves supplemental assistance to State, Tribal, and jurisdictional governments in identifying and meeting the public health and medical needs of victims of major disasters or public health and medical emergencies.

Question 9

What was the public health significance of Hurricane Maria in terms of disaster response?

Answer 9

In Puerto Rico the storm damage to the power grid was so pervasive that almost the entire island was left in the dark. The blackout would be the longest in U.S history, with the last remaining households reconnected to the power grid in mid-August 2018. In the immediate aftermath of the storm, it was impossible for many residents of rural areas to get to the remaining open medical facilities because of damage to mountain roads. Because of this disruption to basic services and infrastructure, thousands of Americans died over the next few months. Maria exposed years of neglected maintenance of the power grid and highlighted the vulnerability of many people who were living with very little. The hurricane caused untold suffering in Puerto Rico, but the response to the storm revealed the resourcefulness and resilience of Puerto Ricans and showcased the dedication of thousands of federal responders, power industry workers, and concerned individuals. The lights came back on all over Puerto Rico, community by community, month by month.

Question 10

What is the Public Health Accreditation Board?

Answer 10

As the sole national accrediting body for public health in the U.S., PHAB supports health departments to improve quality, accountability, and performance.

PHAB is also home to several Centers that contribute to innovation and transformation of public health practice. This includes the Public Health National Center for Innovations (PHNCI) and the Center for Sharing Public Health Services. PHAB also incubates the Center for School Health Innovation and Quality.

PHAB is currently developing an Excellence Recognition program to add to existing programming, including the Initial Accreditation, Reaccreditation, and Pathways Recognition programs.

Question 11

According to the CDC, what are the 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th Century?

Answer 11

Vaccination

Motor-vehicle safety

Safer workplaces

Control of infectious diseases

Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke

Safer and healthier foods

Healthier mothers and babies

Family planning

Fluoridation of drinking water

Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

Question 12

What are the 3 core components of successful aging?

Answer 12

Function, health status, and social inclusion

Question 13

How has the US population over age 65 grown in the last century?

Answer 13

From 4.1% to 12.9%

Question 14

How many Americans will be age 65+ in 2030?

Answer 14

Estimated 20%

Question 15

Briefly describe the inclusion of elder care in public health

Answer 15

1965 Social Security Amendments (medicare and medicaid)
1965 Older Americans Act (administration on aging)
1978 Gerontological Health Association / Aging and Public Health Sector Established
1994 Resolution No. 20: White House Conference on Aging

Question 16

How many Americans live with multiple chronic conditions?

Answer 16

1 in 4

Question 17

What percentage of Americans do not have health insurance?

Answer 17

The proportion of people without health insurance is at a historic low of 8.8%

Question 18

What are major statues of Public Health 3.0

Answer 18

Chief Health Strategist
Cross sector partnerships
Accreditation via PHAB
Actionable data & metrics
Enhanced funding

Question 19

Describe how many will be age 65+ worldwide by 2050

Answer 19

Question 20

Describe the buckets of prevention model for public health 3.0

Answer 20

Question 21

Describe health coverage for US adults age 65+

Answer 21

Question 22

Describe the framework for healthy aging

Answer 22

Question 23

Describe the tiers of the Incident Command System

Answer 23

Question 24

Describe age groups for multiple chronic illnesses

Answer 24

Question 25

Describe the framework for National Incident Management Systems (NIMS)

Answer 25

Question 26

Describe the timeline shift from public health 1.0 to public health 3.0

Answer 26

Question 27

What are significant issues among the elderly population?

Answer 27

smoking
poor diet
physical inactivity
poor driving practices
Falls
impairment of vision and hearing
medication side effects / reactions
osteoporosis
oral health
dementia
medical costs

Question 28

What is the Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEM)?

Answer 28

Responsible for emergency preparedness, pandemic coordination, physical security operations, and the Securing the Cities program for radiological and nuclear detection, MOEP serves as the convener of local, state, and federal agencies, City departments, and regional, business, civic, and community stakeholders in preparing for and responding to natural and man-made disasters and large-scale special events. MOEP’s vision is a prepared, resilient, viable, and thriving Atlanta for future generations.

Question 29

What is the Federal Emergency Management Agency?

Answer 29

FEMA is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), initially created under President Jimmy Carter by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by two Executive Orders on April 1, 1979.[1] The agency’s primary purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurs must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the President that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception to the state’s gubernatorial declaration requirement occurs when an emergency or disaster takes place on federal property or to a federal asset—for example, the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 return-flight disaster.

Question 30

What were the effects of Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 30

Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the United States on August 29, 2005, as a Category 3 hurricane.
The hurricane’s powerful winds and storm surge caused massive destruction along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.
The failure of levees in New Orleans led to catastrophic flooding, with approximately 80% of the city submerged. Hurricane Katrina resulted in over 1,390 deaths, making it one of the deadliest hurricanes in U.S. history.
Hundreds of thousands of people were displaced from their homes due to the hurricane and subsequent flooding, leading to one of the largest internal displacements in U.S. history.
The economic cost of Hurricane Katrina’s damage was estimated to be approximately $125 billion, making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.

Many who were stuck in New Orleans felt it was due to racial disparity (e.g. not having a car or adequate savings)

Question 31

What were the effects of September 11 2001?

Answer 31

2,977
A total of 2,977 people were killed in New York, D.C. and Pennsylvania. Countless more suffered serious injuries and long-term health issues.

2,753
At the World Trade Center (WTC) site in Lower Manhattan, 2,753 people were killed when hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 were intentionally crashed into the North and South Towers, or as a result of the crashes:

343 were New York City firefighters
23 were NYPD officers
37 were police officers from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

184
At the Pentagon in Washington, 184 people were killed when hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the building.

40
Near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, 40 passengers and crew members aboard United Airlines Flight 93 died when the plane crashed into a field. It is believed that the hijackers crashed the plane in that location, rather than their unknown target, after the passengers and crew attempted to retake control of the flight deck.

341
Total number of FDNY members who have succumbed to post-9/11 illnesses, as of Sept. 7, 2023.

2 to 85
The victims ranged in age from two to 85 years. Approximately 75-80% of the victims were men.

1,649
As of 2023, 1,649 (60%) of 2,753 WTC victims’ remains have been positively identified, according to the NYC Mayor’s Office.

19
Nineteen men hijacked four fuel-loaded US commercial airplanes bound for west coast destinations.

$123 billion
The estimated economic loss during the first two to four weeks after the World Trade Center towers collapsed was $123 billion.

3.1 million
It took 3.1 million hours of labor to clean up 1.8 million tons of debris at Ground Zero. Cleanup officially ended May 30, 2002.

Question 32

What is the strategic national stockpile?

Answer 32

The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) is part of the federal medical response infrastructure and can supplement medical countermeasures needed by states, tribal nations, territories and the largest metropolitan areas during public health emergencies. The supplies, medicines, and devices for lifesaving care contained in the stockpile can be used as a short-term, stopgap buffer when the immediate supply of these materials may not be available or sufficient.

Question 33

What is bioterrorism?

Answer 33

Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. These agents include bacteria, viruses, insects, fungi, and/or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form, in much the same way as in biological warfare.

Question 34

What are examples of bioterrorism?

Answer 34

Anthrax Letters of 2001
1984 salmonella attacks

Question 35

What are some likely agents of bioterrorism?

Answer 35

anthrax
botulism
plague
smallpox
tularemia
viral hemorrhagic fevers (ebola, marburg)
arena viruses (lassa, junin)

Question 36

What is the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEPHA)?

Answer 36

MSEHPA stands for “Model State Emergency Health Powers Act.” It is a draft of model legislation to increase state powers to respond to bioterrorism or other outbreaks of disease that the Centers for Disease Control and others want the states to pass into law.

Question 37

What are the duties of the department of homeland security?

Answer 37

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management.

Question 38

How many escaped from the twin towers on 9-11?

Answer 38

More than 13000 people

Question 39

What did the Institute of Medicine’s 2003 Report state about the US and population health?

Answer 39

not meeting its potential largely due to:

focus on medical care rather than prevention
focus on biomedical research over prevention research

Question 40

What are Managed Care Organizations?

Answer 40

Managed care organizations are integrated entities in the healthcare system, which endeavor to reduce healthcare expenditures costs.[1] Since the 1970s, managed care organizations have shaped healthcare delivery in the United States through preventative medicine strategies, financial provisioning, and treatment guidelines

Question 41

what is the public health information network

Answer 41

The Public Health Information Network (PHIN) Preparedness initiative strives to implement, on an accelerated pace, a consistent national network of information systems that will support public health in being prepared for public health emergencies. Using the principles and practices of the broader PHIN initiative, PHIN Preparedness concentrates in the short term on ensuring that all public health jurisdictions have, or have access to, systems to accomplish known preparedness functions. The PHIN Preparedness initiative defines functional requirements, technical standards and specifications, and a process to achieve consistency and interconnectedness of preparedness systems across public health.

Question 42

What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (in general)?

Answer 42

HIPAA is a federal law that, among other things, focuses on protecting the privacy of personal health information (“protected health information” or “PHI”). This law affords certain rights to individuals regarding their PHI and imposes obligations upon many institutions that maintain such PHI.

Question 43

What is biotechnology?

Answer 43

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services.

Question 44

Describe how the top causes of death affect ages 65+ versus other ages

Answer 44

Question 45

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) supplied trailers for people whose homes had been destroy during Hurricane Katrina. Later, complaints of environmental problems were reported, and it was found that the air in these trailers was contaminated with unhealthy levels of what substance?

Answer 45

formaldehyde

Question 46

CDC facilitated the development of a Model State Emergency Powers Act in response to what event?

Answer 46

9-11 and 2001 Anthrax Attacks

Question 47

Which of the following is the most prevalent cause of eye disease?

Answer 47

cataracts

Question 48

A transportation accident that causes a release of radioactive materials would be classified as which of the following?

Answer 48

technological disaster

Question 49

True or False? With managed care, medicine is driven by the same kind of measurable goals and objectives that public health has been developing.

Answer 49

true

Question 50

What is compression of morbidity

Answer 50

Rates of chronic disease and disability are increasingly concentrated in a relatively short age range at about the biological limit of life span

Question 51

What is compression of mortality

Answer 51

Deaths are increasingly concentrated in a relatively short age range at about the biological limit of life span

Question 52

True or False? Racial differences in health grow smaller in the oldest populations, and African Americans who survive to join the oldest-old category have a slightly longer life expectancy than whites of the same age.

Answer 52

true

Question 53

Which of the following was an overall goal for Healthy People 2010?

Answer 53

eliminate health disparities

Question 54

True or False? From 1980 to 2014, the expenditure per Medicare enrollee rose about eightfold.

Answer 54

true

Question 55

True or False? President Obama’s reform of the healthcare system included incentives for physicians, hospitals, and medical providers to use health information technology to improve the efficiency and quality of medical care for all American citizens.

Answer 55

true

Question 56

True or False? Cardiovascular disease has become more prevalent as deaths from cardiovascular disease have declined.

Answer 56

true

Question 57

An experimental vaccine was developed for what disease by injecting beta-amyloid into mice, which stimulated antibodies to the protein and reduced the number of plaques?

Answer 57

alzheimers

Question 58

Describe the various layers of emergency response in public health:

Answer 58

Incident Command System: Puts a single person, who has the responsibility for managing and coordinating the response, in charge at the scene

NIMA: Standardizes the organizational structures, processes, and procedures that communities should employ in planning for an emergency

Strategic National Stockpile:
Includes medical supplies, antibiotics, vaccines, and antidotes for chemical agents

Office of Emergency Management: Began directing activities in response to the World Trade Center attacks when ambulances came from all over the city and hospitals in all five boroughs prepared to receive large numbers of casualties

Question 59

Which of the following is an overarching goal for Healthy People 2020?

Answer 59

Promote quality of life, health development, and health behaviors across all life stages

Question 60

What are predictable versus non predictable natural disasters?

Answer 60

Predictable: Tornadoes are predicted by meteorologists analyzing atmospheric conditions like wind speed and air pressure. Hurricanes are predicted by satellite imaging that detects rotating air masses over warm, tropical, and subtropical waters.

Unpredictable: Unpredictable natural disasters, such as earthquakes, can strike without warning. In their wake they leave devastation either directly in the strike zone or by setting off a catastrophic tsunami.