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Intro to Public Health > Module 4 (Evidence and Public Health) > Flashcards

Module 4 (Evidence and Public Health) Flashcards

1
Q

What is critical appraisal of evidence?

A

Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research evidence to judge its trustworthiness, its value and relevance in a particular context.

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2
Q

What is efficacy versus effectiveness?

A

Efficacy is optimal performance of an intervention under ideal and controlled circumstances

Effectiveness is optimal performance of an intervention under “real world” circumstances

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3
Q

What is translational research?

A

performed to take interventions found efficacious and test them under “real life” circumstance s

concerned with cost / benefit analysis

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4
Q

What is an intervention?

A

A means to change outcomes

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5
Q

What is a practice?

A

Actual application of interventions

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6
Q

What is a program?

A

an organized effort to effect change

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7
Q

What is data versus information?

A

Data is raw materials for information (prior to processing)

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8
Q

What are different types of public health evidence?

A

Biomedical
Social science
Epidemiological
Anecdotal, case reports
Opinions, editorials, news

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9
Q

What is the meta-analysis component of systematic review?

A

This involves using statistical techniques to synthesize the data from several studies into a single quantitative estimate or summary effect size

(e.g. Cochrane network)

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10
Q

What is the United States Community Preventative Task Force?

A

The U.S. Community Preventive Services Task Force is an independent, volunteer panel of national experts in disease prevention and evidence-based medicine. The Task Force works to improve the health of people nationwide by making evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services.

Currently has 15 public health and prevention specialists appointed by the CDC.

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11
Q

How does the Community Preventative Task Force classify findings?

A

Recommends, recommends against, or “insufficient evidence”

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12
Q

What is the “Healthy People” initiative?

A

a program of a nationwide health-promotion and disease-prevention goals set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

Started in 1979; currently on 5th edition (Healthy People 2030) and has 335 measurable objectives

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13
Q

What are some current leading health indicators (LHIs)?

A

Oral Health Care use
Consumption of calories from added sugars
Drug overdose deaths
Homicide
Exposure to unhealthy air
Food insecurity
Flu vaccination status
Knowledge of HIV status
Having medical insurance
Suicide

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14
Q

What are indicators of public health burden?

A

metrics such as excess morbidity and mortality

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15
Q

What is actionability?

A

It takes into account the state of available and
actionable evidence, and the ability to improve health and well-being at a cost that is considered a good
value.

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16
Q

What is a sentinel event?

A

A sentinel event is a patient safety event that results in death, permanent harm, or severe temporary harm.

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17
Q

What are the 10 leading causes of death in the US (as of 2018)?

A

Heart disease
Malignant neoplasm (cancers)
Unintentional injury / accidents
Chronic Lower Obstructive Diseases (e.g. COPD and breathing problems)
Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke, stenosis, aneurism)
Alzheimer’s
Diabetes Mellitus
Influenza and Pneumonia
Nephritis and other Kidney Diseases
Suicide (intentional self harm)

18
Q

What is Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)?

A

a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. Accounts for both pre-mature death and years of productive life lost.

It was developed in the 1990s as a way of comparing the overall health and life expectancy of different countries.

19
Q

What are the leading factors for highest burden of DALY (most years lost)?

A

Mental health and substance abuse
Cancer and tumors
Circulatory issues
Injuries
Musculoskeletal disorders
Endocrine disorders (diabetes, kidney)
Nervous system
Chronic respiratory
Skin diseases
Sense organ diseases

20
Q

How does the US compare to other high-income countries in terms of DALY?

A

It has the highest burden of disease via DALY and is 25% above the comparable country average

21
Q

What are the “actual” causes of death as determined by Mokdad and co.?

A

Tobacco
Poor diet and physical inactivity
alcohol consumption
microbial agents (bacteria, fungi)
toxic agents
motor vehicles
firearms
sexual behavior
illicit drug use

22
Q

In order of smallest to largest impact, what are factors that affect health?

A

counseling and education (e.g. use condoms, eat healthy)

clinical interventions (e.g. prescriptions for high blood pressure)

long lasting protective interventions (immunizations, colonoscopy)

Changing the context to make default decisions healthy (e.g. fluoridization, iodization, smoke free laws)

Socioeconomic factors (e.g. poverty, housing, education, inequality)

23
Q

What are accidents versus injuries?

A

Accident implies random and non-preventable

Injuries occur because of predictable, preventable circumstances

24
Q

What are primary injury prevention strategies?

A

Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.

Control agent and environment, emphasize safe practices (host)

25
Q

What are secondary injury prevention strategies?

A

This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems.

26
Q

What are tertiary injury prevention strategies?

A

Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy.

(e.g. stroke rehab programs, support groups)

27
Q

What are some examples of active versus passive prevention?

A

Driver’s ed versus car air bags
Smoke detectors versus auto fire sprinklers & fire resistant construction

28
Q

What constitutes plagiarism?

A

“Presenting work or ideas from another source as your own, with or without consent of the original author, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.

29
Q

What are the 3 “Es” of injury prevention?

A

Education, enforcement, and engineering

30
Q

What is the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)?

A

Founded in 1966 by the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act

Through enforcing vehicle performance standards and partnerships with state and local governments, NHTSA reduces deaths, injuries and economic losses from motor vehicle crashes.

31
Q

What is OSHA?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, founded in 1970. It is empowered to set standards, inspect workplaces, and impose penalties for workplace hazards.

32
Q

What is NIOSH?

A

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (founded in 1970 alongside OSHA), conducts research, recommends standards, and conducts hazard evaluations.

33
Q

What is the CPSC?

A

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Administers a surveillance system which collects data from a nationally representative sample of 66 hospital emergency rooms.

34
Q

Why are injuries such a significant concern to public health?

A

They disproportionately affect young people and are considered preventable.

35
Q

What are unintentional versus intentional fatal injuries?

A

Unintentional: commonly called accidents
Intentional: homicide, suicide

36
Q

What were the focuses of vehicle injury analysis?

A

Focus on making the driver (host) and the vehicle (agent) and the roadways (environment) safer. Tertiary prevention involved provisions of ambulances and trauma centers.

Additional efforts include campaigns / laws for seatbelts and helmets.

37
Q

What are some examples of preventions again childhood injury?

A

Window guards in apartment buildings
fencing around swimming pools
Childproof caps on medicine
Fireproofing kid’s sleepwear

38
Q

What is AHRQ?

A

Agency for Healthcare research and quality - mission is to produce evidence to make health care safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable, and to work within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and with other partners to make sure that the evidence is understood and used.

Builds a bridge between research and practice.

39
Q

What is NCQA?

A

National Committee for Quality Assurance is a non-profit that works to improve health care quality through the administration of evidence-based standards, measures, programs, and accreditation. NCQA operates on a formula of measure, analyze, and improve and it aims to build consensus across the industry by working with policymakers, employers, doctors, and patients, as well as health plans.

40
Q

What is Evidenced Based Public Health Practice?

A

Evidence-based public health practice is the development, implementation, and evaluation of effective
programs and policies in public health through application of principles of scientific reasoning, including
systematic uses of data and information systems and appropriate use of behavioral science theory and
program planning models.

Intro to Public Health (14 decks)

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