Module 6 (Behavior and Health Interventions) Flashcards
What are the major components of health information?
Informing personal behavior
Increasing awareness of community health problems
Influence public policy
Health literacy
What are the major sources of self efficacy?
enactive mastery (performance outcomes)
vicarious experience (e.g. relating to media characters)
verbal persuasion (e.g. words of affirmation)
physiological arousal (e.g. emotional state)
What are some of the tops ways to encouraging changing behaviors related to health?
Make the healthy choice the easy choice
Changing the environment (e.g. adding a sidewalk by a busy street in a pedestrian area)
Change the social context
What is risk assessment?
risk = probability of loss of “worth”
identifies events and exposures that may be harmful to humans
estimates the probabilities of their occurrence
estimates the extent of harm they may cause
What is risk perception?
involves psychological factors
is the result of the apparent irrationality of the public in response to risks that experts estimate to be small
Has multiple factors, including dread, control, and familiarity
What is one of the main components of changing risky behaviors involving alcohol?
reduce binge drinking
What are strategies for encouraging healthy sexual behavior?
prevent STIs
reduce stigma
comprehensive sex health ed course for providers
life course perspective (sexual health is a part of overall health)
What is typically the most effective method for changing health behavior / affecting health disparities and outcomes?
changing the environment
What are the main risky behaviors public health addresses?
safe sex, tobacco use, alcohol use, getting exercise, and healthy diet
Describe the health behavior framework
Describe the health belief model
Describe the ecological model of health
Describe the transtheoretical model of health
What are important components of the health behavior frameworK?
Intended behavior, behavior, and long term behavior are 3 separate entities
Barriers, supports, and demographic factors are included
Considers the context within which the desired health behavior and behavior change are enacted, including characteristics of the provider and the healthcare settings and larger community / societal influences
It shows how all the factors effect each other on multiple levels
What is community capacity?
which refers to characteristics of communities that affect their ability to identify, mobilize, and
address social and public health problems
What are mutable versus immutable targets?
Mutable = liable to change
e.g. individual (increasing knowledge, reducing barriers), provider (practice norms), health policies (immutable in community interventions)
Immutable = unlikely / unable to be changed
(e.g. demographics, macro level changes in community interventions)
What theories were involved in founding the Health Behavior Framework?
Social Cognitive Theory
the Health Belief Model
the Theory of Planned Behavior
the Transtheoretical Model of Change
Social Influence Theory
What is the ecological health behavior model?
A model that looks at how the social environment (Including interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy factors) supports and maintains unhealthy behaviors.
What are the 4 key steps to health promotion programs?
- Belief in personal threat
- Belief in response efficacy
- Belief in personal efficacy
- Belief that new behaviors are consistent with group norms
What is the leading cause of Disability Adjusted Life Years in the US?
cigarette smoking
What percentage of the US population smokes cigarettes?
14%, down from 42% in 1965
What strategies were effective in decreasing smoking in the US?
Laws about the ability to advertise smoking
Taxing cigarettes
Preventing young people from smoking
Restriction of indoor smoking
Mass media campaigns
What report did the US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Health and Human Services establish regarding nutrition?
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (started in 1980)
According to the most recent NHANES study, what percentage of US Americans are obese?
74.6% of men and 67.4% of women age 20 and over
According to the most recent NHANES study, what percentage of US children are obese?
17.8% of children ages 2 to 19
How does the CDC identify children as overweight?
If at the 85th percentile or above, they are considered overweight
If at the 95th percentile or above, they are considered obese
What is the most difficult health risk factor to control?
obesity
When did the calorie labeling law go into effect?
2018
who was the first US city to pass a law taxing sugary drinks?
Berkeley, California in 2018
What are other rules similar to the sugar tax?
39 countries around the world and 7 US cities have a sugary drink tax
23 states and Washington DC have exempted sugary drinks from “groceries” so they are now part of taxed goods
What is a sin tax?
a tax that raises the price of a product that is harmful to oneself and others
What is the rate of obesity among American 2-5 year olds?
13.9%
How much daily exercise should children get?
60 minutes or more
How much weekly exercise should adults get?
at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate intensity activity or 75 to 150 minute of vigorous intensity activity
Plus two days of muscle strengthening exercises
How many US adults meet these exercise goals?
26% of American men and 17% of American women
What is a major barrier to physical activity?
Suburban lifestyle involving the need to drive for exercise
What are some effective interventions for physical activity opportunities?
Building community walking trails
Bike paths
Community wide campaigns and challenges
Pedometers and daily steps
Encouraging kids to walk or bike to school
PE classes promoting interesting exercise (such as jogging and dance)
What are the most prevalent mental health disorders in adults?
Anxiety disorders
How does mental illness factor into worldwide disability?
It is the leading cause of disability in several developed countries (including the US).
What percentage of the US population has reported having various mental illnesses?
31.2% report anxiety disorders
21.4% report mood disorders
25% report impulse control disorders
35.3% report substance abuse disorder
57.4% report any mental health disorder
Which agency imposes requirements that cigarette packages contain warning labels?
Federal trade commission
Obese children are, for the first time, being diagnosed with what medical condition that was believed to occur almost exclusively in adults?
Type II diabetes
Noticeable increases in lung cancer deaths began to be noticed when?
in the 1930s
Who subsidizes industrial agriculture, which produces high-calorie commodities at the expense of more nutritious produce.
US government policy
Which area of the United States generally has the highest prevalence of depression, serious psychological distress, and mean number of mentally unhealthy days?
Southeastern
Who is the source of the commonly cited findings about the high incidence and prevalence of mental illness in the United States.?
The National Comorbidity Survey
By 1960, about _____ of American women smoked tobacco.
1/3
