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Intro to Public Health > Module 5 (Social Determinants of Health) > Flashcards

Module 5 (Social Determinants of Health) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main goals (to promote health equity) of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH)?

A
  1. Improve the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
  2. Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources
  3. Measure the problem, evaluate action, and expand the knowledge base
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2
Q

What is the Commission of Social Determinants of Health (CSDH)?

A

a commission created by the World Health Organization in 2005 as a response to concern with global health inequity

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3
Q

How many annually are forced into poverty due to out-of-pocket healthcare?

A

100 million (globally)

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4
Q

How does the US compare to other economically developed countries with regard to the poverty rate?

A

It has the third highest rate (below Turkey and Mexico) at 11.6%

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5
Q

What are the 5 umbrella categories of Social Determinants of Health?

A

Education Access and Quality, Economic Stability, Healthcare Access and Quality, Neighborhood and Built Environment, Social and Community Context

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6
Q

How does the US relate to other countries in terms of life expectancy?

A

30th

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7
Q

How many US citizens do not have healthcare coverage?

A

8.4% or 27.6 million

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8
Q

What is the concept of “excess death”?

A

Death numbers above what is predicted based on estimated mortality; death with excess suffering and preventable diseases

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9
Q

What were the main points of the Whitehall studies?

A

Employment grade compared to health grade

The lower the employment grade, the higher the risk of every major cause of death

Risky behaviors / lifestyle factors accounted for no more than 25% of social grade within mortality

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10
Q

What is the most important determinant of health?

A

socio economic status

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11
Q

What are some major risks of prolonged, excess cortisol?

A

Impaired memory, brain shrinkage
Inability to properly handle insulin and glucose

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12
Q

What social factors directly relate to less cortisol produced during the day?

A

More income and more education
Less illness, potentially less autoimmune disorders and cancers

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13
Q

How many US children live in poverty?

A

21% (2008), 17% (2022)

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14
Q

What major factors lead to cumulative burden on health?

A

Food insecurity, job insecurity, hypervigilance due to discrimination

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15
Q

What was the average life expectancy in 1908?

A

42

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16
Q

What reforms raised the life expectancy in the 20th century

A

The 8 hour work day, sanitation laws, universal education, and personal income tax

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17
Q

What reforms do and don’t affect social health factors in the modern era?

A

Medical innovation does very little

Better education, housing, distribution of wealth, and public health infrastructure does help

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18
Q

What is the realistic goal of US economic hierarchy in relation to public health?

A

To lessen the disparity between levels, not eliminate the hierarchy entriely

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19
Q

What events occurred during the Nixon administrations which negatively impacted public health?

A

Financial recession, slashing of social programs, reduced taxes for the wealthy, less regulation of industry

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20
Q

Why are other economically viable nations reporting better health stats?

A

Free healthcare, 4 weeks paid mandated vacation, higher minimum wage, free college education in some countries

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21
Q

How much money does the world lose due to chronic illness?

A

1 trillion annually

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22
Q

What are the two choices for making social change to public health?

A

Infrastructure change or damage control

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23
Q

How much longer do college grads live than high school grads?

A

2.5 years on average

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24
Q

How many health dollars does the US spend annually?

A

$2 trillion (almost half the global amount of health dollars)

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25
Q

Which countries are considered economically viable?

A

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries (OECD)

26
Q

What factors influence population health?

A

healthcare, physical environment, social environment, individual behavior and biology, genetics

27
Q

What are the measures and disparity groups of health outcomes?

A

Race/ethnicity, Socio Economic Status (SES), Geography, Gender

Measured by mortality, morbidity, and quality of life

28
Q

What are the social determinants of health?

A

housing, education, social support, childhood experiences, family income, employment, our communities, and access to health services

29
Q

What percent of government backed home loans went to non-white households prior to 1962?

A

less than 2 percent

30
Q

Why did so many more black people die than white people from COVID 19?

A

Essential worker employment
density of living arrangements and higher rates of public transport use
higher risk of chronic disease (due to chronic stress)
living conditions (less grocery stores, more fast food and liquor)

31
Q

What are the Key Elements of Health in All Policies?

A

incorporate health equity and sustainability into policies

embed health as a value in government decision making

make healthy public policy the default way

partnerships to promote health

32
Q

What are the key elements of the National Prevention Strategy?

A

healthy and safe community environments

clinical and community preventative services

empowered people

elimination of health disparities

33
Q

What factors are included in Socio Economic Status?

A

income, education, and occupational status

34
Q

What factors are typically included in social supports?

A

marital status, number of close friends and relatives, church membership, and affiliation with other organizations

35
Q

What is the health belief model?

A

several factors are likely to lead a person to change a health behavior when faced with a health threat:

the extent to which they feel vulnerable to the threat
the perceived severity of the threat
perceived barriers to taking action to reduce risk
perceived effectiveness of taking an action to prevent or minimize the problem

36
Q

What is a large perception factor related to health behavior?

A

self-efficacy, sense of control over one’s life

37
Q

what is the transtheoretical model?

A

envisioning change as a process involving progress through a series of 5 stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

38
Q

what is the ecological model?

A

a health behavior model that looks at how the social environment, including interpersonal, organizational. community, and public policy factors, support and maintain unhealthy behaviors.

39
Q

what are self-efficacy goals of health promotion campaigns?

A

belief in personal threat
belief in response efficacy
belief in personal efficacy
belief that new behaviors are consistent with group norms / social supports

40
Q

What is an example of changing the environment for health promotion?

A

Safer designs of highways and automobiles
(which are proven to be more effective than driver’s ed)

41
Q

What is the significance of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

A

a gauge of society’s attention to child health and overall health population status

42
Q

Why did IMR lower in the 1970s?

A

family planning services and abortions

(wanted babies are more likely to thrive)

43
Q

What are maternal mortality rates?

A

number of mothers who experience death associated with childbirth

44
Q

What are congenital disorders?

A

AKA congenital anomalies, structural or functional anomalies

often-inherited medical conditions which occur before birth

45
Q

How many infant deaths are attributed to congenital disorders?

A

as many as 20%

46
Q

What are the top causes of infant mortality?

A

congenital disorders, preterm birth and low birth weight, maternal complications, SIDs, and injuries such as suffocation

47
Q

What is the specific definition of prematurity in infants?

A

disorders of short gestation and low birth weight

48
Q

What percent of infants are born premature?

A

10.5% (2021)

49
Q

What is the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?

A

a program run by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) since the 1960s which provides vouchers for milk, fruit juice, eggs, cereals, and other nutritious foods for pregnant women, lactating mothers, infants, and children up to 5 years old.

Also nutrition education and support services for poor, young families

50
Q

What is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?

A

Formerly called Food Stamp Program

Based on household size and income

Grants an electronic benefits card

Cannot be used for tobacco, alcohol, or nonfood items

51
Q

Why is SNAP criticized?

A

well publicized abuses of the program

lack of services for immigrant families

52
Q

What are the typical immunizations in the US program?

A

diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, and Hepatitis B

53
Q

What is the vaccines for children program?

A

Established in 1993 by the federal government, employed public and private sector organizations to help provide free vaccinations to uninsured children ages 19 to 35 months

54
Q

What are maternal mortality rates for white people versus black people?

A

black people experience over 3x the rate (per 1000) that white people do

55
Q

What has more genetic diversity - difference between races or difference within races?

A

within races

56
Q

How did the US compare to the top 10 OECD countries in terms of infant mortality (2018)?

A

The US rates were over double each of these countries

57
Q

How does black and Hispanic prenatal care compare to white prenatal care?

A

Blacks and Hispanics receive prenatal care at a rate about 10% to 15% lower than whites.

58
Q

How does infant mortality rate compare between US white persons and black persons?

A

In the United States, infant mortality is approximately twice as high among blacks as it is for whites.

59
Q

How do US white people and Native Americans compare in Diabetes prevalence?

A

American Indians and Alaska Natives now have the highest diabetes prevalence rates of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. More than 16% of the members of this population have been diagnosed, compared to 8.7% of non-Hispanic whites.

60
Q

What is the most important factor in US infant mortality rate?

A

poverty

61
Q

What caused the epidemic of birth defects in Minamata, Japan?

A

mercury contamination of a fishing bay

Intro to Public Health (14 decks)

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