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Noorda FOM > Module 8 ChatGPT > Flashcards

Module 8 ChatGPT Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins

A

Vitamins are chemically diverse organic compounds essential for normal metabolism, often requiring dietary intake as the body cannot synthesize them sufficiently

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2
Q

How are vitamins classified

A

Vitamins are classified into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B-complex and C) categories

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3
Q

What is the role of vitamins as micronutrients

A

Vitamins act as coenzymes, antioxidants, signaling molecules, and hormones

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4
Q

Which vitamins are fat-soluble

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble

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5
Q

Which vitamins are water-soluble

A

The B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble

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6
Q

What is the main source of vitamins

A

A balanced diet typically provides all necessary vitamins

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7
Q

What are the main causes of vitamin deficiencies

A

Malnutrition, malabsorption disorders, or restrictive diets

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8
Q

What is the main function of vitamin B12

A

Vitamin B12 is essential for RBC formation and proper myelination of the nervous system

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9
Q

What condition is commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder characterized by the absence of intrinsic factor

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10
Q

What are the clinical features of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Signs of anemia, neurological disturbances like paresthesia, spasticity, ataxia, and neuropsychiatric disorders

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11
Q

How is vitamin B12 deficiency diagnosed

A

By detecting low serum vitamin B12 levels and identifying the underlying cause with tests like the Schilling test

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12
Q

What is the treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Parenteral supplementation, with possible long-term supplementation depending on the underlying cause

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13
Q

What role does folate play in the body

A

Folate is an essential coenzyme that enables critical biochemical reactions, particularly in DNA synthesis

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14
Q

What causes folate deficiency

A

Malnutrition and excessive alcohol use

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15
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of folate deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia without neurological manifestations

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16
Q

How is folate deficiency diagnosed

A

Through laboratory findings like macrocytosis, hyperhomocysteinemia, and normal methylmalonic acid levels

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17
Q

What is the treatment for folate deficiency

A

Oral folate supplementation

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18
Q

What is Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding of the Newborn (VKDB)

A

Spontaneous bleeding in a newborn due to a deficiency of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors

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19
Q

Why are vitamin K levels low in newborns

A

Vitamin K does not cross the placental barrier, is not present in breast milk, and is not synthesized in the sterile gut of a newborn

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20
Q

How is VKDB prevented in industrialized countries

A

Most newborns receive a vitamin K injection at birth

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21
Q

What are the categories of VKDB

A

Early-onset (within 24 hours after birth), classic (within 4 weeks), and late-onset (between 28 months)

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22
Q

What are common bleeding sites in VKDB

A

Intracranial, subgaleal, gastrointestinal, or nasal

23
Q

How is VKDB treated

A

By managing the bleeding with transfusions and administering vitamin K

24
Q

What is Vitamin A also known as

A

Retinol

25
Q

What are the active forms of Vitamin A

A

Retinal and retinoic acid

26
Q

What are the primary sources of Vitamin A

A

Plant sources (e.g., beta-carotene in vegetables) and animal sources (e.g., liver, fish, eggs)

27
Q

How is Vitamin A stored in the body

A

In hepatic cells within the perisinusoidal space as retinyl esters

28
Q

What is the role of Vitamin A in vision

A

Retinal is a component of rhodopsin in rods, necessary for vision

29
Q

What is the role of Vitamin A in gene transcription

A

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) binds to nuclear receptors, promoting gene transcription and cell differentiation

30
Q

What is Vitamin A’s function in tissue maintenance

A

Retinoic acid promotes the differentiation of epithelium into specialized tissue

31
Q

What are the common causes of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Fat malabsorption disorders and malnutrition

32
Q

What are the ocular manifestations of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness, retinopathy, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, and Bitot spots

33
Q

What are the effects of Vitamin A toxicity

A

Acute toxicity: nausea, vomiting, vertigo. Chronic toxicity: alopecia, dry skin, hepatotoxicity, pseudotumor cerebri

34
Q

Why is Vitamin A contraindicated in pregnancy

A

Vitamin A is teratogenic and can cause facial anomalies, cardiovascular abnormalities, and fetal death

35
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Vitamin A

A

Treatment of measles, severe cystic acne, and acute promyelocytic leukemia

36
Q

Which condition is treated with isotretinoin

A

Severe cystic acne (e.g., nodulocystic) and rosacea

37
Q

What is the impact of Vitamin A on measles

A

Vitamin A supplementation reduces complications and mortality in measles patients with vitamin A deficiency

38
Q

How is Vitamin A toxicity typically caused

A

By increased intake via supplements or drugs

39
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of Vitamin A

A

Facial anomalies, microcephaly, cleft palate, thymic agenesis, and neurodevelopmental disabilities

40
Q

How does Vitamin A affect the immune system

A

Vitamin A deficiency increases the risk of severe measles infection

41
Q

How is retinol transported in the body

A

Via retinol-binding protein in the serum

42
Q

Where is Vitamin A primarily stored

A

In the hepatic cells within the perisinusoidal space of Disse

43
Q

Which vitamin deficiency increases the risk of severe measles

A

Vitamin A deficiency

44
Q

What is the significance of retinoic acid in gene transcription

A

Retinoic acid binds to nuclear receptors, facilitating the transcription of genes responsible for cell growth and differentiation

45
Q

How does Vitamin A function as an antioxidant

A

Vitamin A protects cells from free radical damage

46
Q

What are the main dietary sources of folate

A

Leafy green vegetables, fruits, liver, supplements, and fortified foods

47
Q

Which vitamins are commonly associated with coenzyme functions

A

B vitamins, vitamins A and K

48
Q

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis

A

Vitamin C

49
Q

What role does vitamin E play in the body

A

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage

50
Q

What is the main function of vitamin D

A

Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism, essential for bone health

51
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency

A

Prolonged bleeding, easy bruising, and hemorrhage

52
Q

How is vitamin K involved in blood clotting

A

Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

53
Q

What are the potential consequences of excessive vitamin D intake

A

Hypercalcemia, nephrocalcinosis, and cardiovascular complications

Noorda FOM (18 decks)

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