Module 5 Flashcards
Major anabolic hormone that regulates fuel storage
Insulin
Major hormone of fuel mobilization
Glucagon
Amount of glucose required by the body per day
190 g
Amount of glucose required by the brain per day
150 g
What 5 specific categories is ATP used for (catabolism)
Biosynthesis
Detoxification
Muscle contraction
Active ion transport
Thermogenesis
Daily dietary cholesterol recommendations
Less than 300 mg for healthy non-arteriosclerosis individuals
Less than 200 mg for healthy arteriosclerosis individuals
Catabolic reactions generate ___(7)____ from ___(3)___
Heat
Energy
ATP
NADH
CO2
Water
Ammonia
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Anabolic reactions generate ___(4)____ from ___(4)___
Proteins
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Sugars
Nitrogenous bases
Respiratory complex I is also known as
NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Respiratory complex III is also known as
Cytochrome C reductase
Respiratory complex IV is also known as
Cytochrome oxidase
Electron donors in oxidative phosphorylation
NADH
H+
FADH2
Electron acceptors in oxidative phosphorylation
NAD+
FAD
What does electron acceptor mean
Reduced
Source of acetyl-CoA during fasting
Fatty acids
Source of acetyl-CoA during eating
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
TCA cycle takes place in
Mitochondrial matrix
Coenzyme A and pyruvate form
Acetyl-CoA
High levels of acetyl-CoA in the liver lead to
Beta-hydroxybutyrate
How does glucose enter cells
Na+ and ATP-independent transport system (secondary/facilitated)
Na+ and ATP-dependent co-transport system (active)
What transporter do glucose/galactose use to enter the cell via the Na+ and ATP-dependent co-transport system, and what cofactor is utilized
SGLT-1with Na+
What transporter does fructose use to enter the cell via the Na+ and ATP-dependent co-transport system
GLUT-5
What transporter do glucose/galactose/fructose use to enter circulation via the Na+ and ATP-dependent co-transport system
GLUT-2
What tissues are SGLT’s found
Renal tubules
Intestinal epithelium (apical membrane)
What cells/tissues have GLUT-1 (6)
Hepatocytes
Pancreatic beta cells
RBCs
Brain (Blood-brain barrier)
Cornea
Placenta
What tissues are GLUT-2 found
Liver
Kidney
What type of transport are SGLT’s
ATP-dependent secondary active
What type of transport are GLUT-1
Facilitated
What type of transport are GLUT-2
Facilitated
Function of SGLT’s (2)
Intestine: glucose absorption
Renal tubules: glucose reabsorption
Functions of GLUT-1 (4)
Liver - hormone (thyroid) mediated glucosal bi-directional transport
Pancreas - regulate blood glucose levels
RBCs and Blood-brain-barrier - high glucose affinity
Function of GLUT-2
Removes excess glucose from blood
Hepatic glucose uptake (Glycolysis) and output (gluconeogenesis), low affinity
What tissues are GLUT-3 found
Brain
CNS
Placenta
What tissues are GLUT-4 found
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Adipocytes
What tissues are GLUT-5 found (2)
Small intestine
Testes
What tissue is GLUT-7 found (1)
Liver
What type of transport are GLUT-3
Facilitated
What type of transport are GLUT-4
Facilitated
What type of transport are GLUT-5
Facilitated
What type of transport are GLUT-7
Facilitated
Function of GLUT-3
Basal glucose uptake
High affinity for glucose
Brain glucose homeostasis mainly involves GLUT-3 and GLUT-1
Function of GLUT-4
Removes excess of glucose from blood
Expression is regulated by insulin
Function of GLUT-5
Fructose transport
Functions of GLUT-7 (2)
Intracellular transport in liver
Mediate glucose release from ER coupled to glucose-6-phosphate
Oxaloacetate is broken down via _______ to ______ for ______ (3 of 3)
PEP carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Gluconeogenesis
Types of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
Muscle
Heart
Other tissues have mix
Oxaloacetate is broken down via _______ to ______ for ______ (1 of 3)
Citrate synthase
Citrate
TCA cycle
Pyruvate is broken down via _______ to ______
Pyruvate carboxylase + biotin + ATP
Oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate is broken down via (enzyme) to (substrate) for (AA) (2 of 3)
Aspartate transaminase (AST)
Aspartate
Asparagine
How does pyruvate enter the mitochodria
Pyruvate translocase
What are enzyme 1’s (E1) co-enzyme/protein in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
What enzyme turns pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
What is enzyme 2 (E2) and it’s co-enzymes/proteins in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
- Lipoamide
- Coenzyme A
What is enzyme 3 (E3) and it’s co-enzymes/proteins in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
ΔG for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
-33.4 kJ/mol
ΔG for pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
-25.1 kJ/mol
Diseases due to PDH gene deficiency (5)
E1a: x-linked lactic acidosis
E1b: autosomal r. episodic ataxia
E2: autosomal r. cerebral dysgenesis
E3: autosomal r. infantile epilepsy
Leigh syndrome
Symptoms of PDH gene deficiecy
Hypotonia
Seizures
Ataxia
Lactic acidosis
Neurological defects
Infants with the prenatal onset form brain malformations; epicanthic folds, flat nasal bridge, long philtrum
What is Leigh syndrome and its causes (3)
A rare, progressive, neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in mitochondrial ATP production
Mutations in genes that encode proteins of the PDH (PDH phosphatase and E1), the ETC, or ATP synthase
What other name is Leigh syndrome known as
Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy
What causes reduced expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (2)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Arsenic poisoning
What is the normal value for lactic acid tests
4.5 - 19.8 mg/dL
Causes of lactic acidosis (11)
Hypoxia in tissues
Vigorous physical activity/exercise
Drug-induced
Cardio-respiratory arrest
Neoplastic/Cancer diseases
Toxins
CO poisoning
Sepsis
Thiamine deficiency
PDH deficiency
Mitochondrial respiratory chain failure
What causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Reduction in dietary thiamine pyrophosphate
Reduction in dietary B2, B3, B5
Symptoms of arsenic poisoning
Lactic acidosis
Headaches
Confusion
Convulsions
Heart diseases
Squamous cell carcinoma
Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Lactic acidosis
Neurological disturbances
Paralysis
Atrophy of limbs
Cardiac failure
Types of lactic acidosis (3)
A - Hypoxia/hypoperfusion
B - Non-hypoxia related (1, 2, 3)
D - D-lactose related
Causes of lactic acidosis A (5)
Ischemia
Shock
CO poisoning
Respiratory complications
Severe anemia
Cause of lactic acidosis B1 (disease related) (3)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Lymphoma
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Cause of lactic acidosis D
Due to carbohydrate and glucose released by bowel bacteria during short bowel syndrome