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PHYL1007 > Module 8 + 9: Digestive / Metabolism > Flashcards

Module 8 + 9: Digestive / Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Four basic layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serosa

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2
Q

Three components of the mucosa layer?

A

Muscosal epithelium Lamina propria (connective tissue) Muscularis mucosae

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3
Q

How is stomach surface area increased?

A

By invaginations called gastric glands

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4
Q

What are the lymphoid tissues of the gut called

A

Peyer’s patches

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5
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A

Consists of two layers of smooth muscle Contains the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system

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6
Q

What is the submucosa

A

Connective tissue Contains blood and lymphatic vessels Contains the submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system

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7
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Continuation of the peritoneal membrane, which forms sheets of mesentery

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8
Q

What are the two types of GI contractions?

A

Tonic and phasic

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9
Q

What are tonic contractions?

A

Sustained for minutes of hours Keep bolus from moving backward

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10
Q

Where do tonic contractions occur?

A

They occur in some smooth muscle sphincters and the anterior portion of the stomach

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11
Q

What are phasic contractions?

A

Quick contractions

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12
Q

Where do phasic contractions occur?

A

In the posterior region of the stomach and in the small intestine

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13
Q

Two types of phasic contractions?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

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14
Q

What are peristaltic contractions?

A

Responsible for forward movement

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15
Q

What are segmental contractions?

A

Responsible for mixing

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16
Q

What parts of the GI tract are under voluntary control?

A

Ingestion/swallowing and defecation

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17
Q

Order of food to faeces?

A

Food -> Chyme - > faeces

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18
Q

Mechanical and chemical stimuli that provoke digestive activity?

A

Stretch (distention) Changes in osmolarity and pH Presence of substrate and end products of digestion

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19
Q

What are short reflexes in the enteric nervous system? What do they respond to?

A

Respond to stimuli in GI tract; mediated by enteric nerve plexuses

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20
Q

What are long reflexes in the enteric nervous system? What do they respond to?

A

Parasympathetic system enhances digestion, sympathetic system inhibits. Respond to stimuli arising in or out of the gut, most notably the autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

What is the site of aldosterone action?

A

The distal tubule

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22
Q

Seven main functions of the oral cavity?

A

Ingestion Mastication Lubrication Limited digestion Phonation Ventilation Detection/protection of pathogens

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23
Q

Three functional compartments of the stomach?

A

Fundus Body Antrum

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24
Q

What is the fundus?

A

A dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm. It is the cardiac region of the stomach.

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25
Q

What is the body of the stomach comprised of?

A

Many gastric glands

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26
Q

What is the antrum?

A

Lower part of the stomach

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27
Q

What does the antrum terminate at?

A

The pyloric sphincter

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28
Q

What does the antrum continue into?

A

The duodenum

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29
Q

Three functions of the stomach?

A

Storage Digestion Defence

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30
Q

Two phases of the stomach?

A

Cephalic and gastric phase

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31
Q

What is the cephalic phase

A

Sigh, smell, taste and thought of food trigger LONG reflexes via vagus nerve. Serves to prepare stomach for food.

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32
Q

What is the gastric phase?

A

Presence of food triggers short reflexes via enteric plexus. Distension of gut wall and presence of peptides and amino acids in the gastric lumen activate endocrine cells and enteric neurons.

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33
Q

Six types of secretory cells in the stomach?

A

Exocrine: Mucous Parietal Chief Endocrine: Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) D-cells G-cells

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34
Q

What is the acid-resistant bacterium of the stomach that causes reflux?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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35
Q

What does hydrogen chloride active in the body? What does this do?

A

It activates pepsiongen - converts it to active pepsin.

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36
Q

How is gastric secretion regulated?

A

Neural control - ACh and Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) Or hormonally - Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, G cells and D cells

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37
Q

How does ACh regulate gastric secretion?

A

ACh is released by intrinsic nerve plexuses within the stomach, under the control of short local reflexes and vagal stimulation

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38
Q

How does ECL regulate gastric secretion?

A

It secretes histamine among the parietal and chief cells

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39
Q

How do G cells regulate gastric secretion?

A

By secreting gastrin into the bloodsteam

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40
Q

How do D cell regulate gastric secretion?

A

By secreting somatostatin in response to acid

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41
Q

Three functions of the stomach?

A

Storage Digestion Defence

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42
Q

What does bicarbonate in the stomach do?

A

Buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to epithelium

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43
Q

What does Helicobacter pylori do?

A

Causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa leading to gastritis

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44
Q

How much acid is secreted a day

A

1-3L

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45
Q

How is acid released?

A

Parietal cells pump H+ into stomach lumen via H+/K+ ATPase

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46
Q

What does HCL do in the stomach?

A

Activates pepsinogen - converts it to active pepsin

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47
Q

What are the nueral regulators of gastric secretion?

A

Acetylcholine and Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)

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48
Q

What are the hormonal controllers of gastric secretion?

A

Enterochromaffin-life (ECL) cells, G cells and D cells

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49
Q

What percentage of starch does amylase break down?

A

50%

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50
Q

What pH does amylase stop working?

A

Below 4.5

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51
Q

How long does it take pancreatic amylase to convert starch to oligosaccharides and maltose?

A

10 minutes

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52
Q

What complete the digestion of oligosaccharides and maltose to monosaccharides after pancreatic amylase is done?

A

Brush border enzymes

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53
Q

What is pancreatic enzyme secretion triggered by?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and the vagus nerve

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54
Q

What are the exocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

The acinar and ductal cells

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55
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

Contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes

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56
Q

What are ductal cells?

A

Epithelial cells in the pancreas that produce alkaline secretion (bicarbonate) and transport all secretions

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57
Q

What cells secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream?

A

Islets of Langerhands

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58
Q

Order of SI mucosa?

A

Plicae, villi and microvilli

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59
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

Contractions that begin in the empty stomach and end in the large intestine. ‘Housekeeping” function serves to sweep out food and bacteria from the upper GIT into the colon

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60
Q

How many essential vitamins?

A

13

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61
Q

What are the essential vitamins?

A

4 fat soluble (A, D, E and K) + 9 water soluble

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62
Q

What vitamins can body synthesise?

A

D and K

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63
Q

7 major minerals needed in the body?

A

Potassium Chloride Sodium Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sulphur

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64
Q

How are vitamins A, D, E and K absorbed?

A

With fats

65
Q

How are minerals transported in the body?

A

Usually by active transport

66
Q

What is the large intestine villi like?

A

Lacks villi, produces mucus to lubricate faeces

67
Q

What does the large intestine secrete?

A

Bicarbonate

68
Q

What is leptin produced by?

A

Lipid cells

69
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Provide information about current energy stores, decreasing feeding behaviour by inhibiting NPY neurons and stimulating POMC neurons

70
Q

What releases neuropeptide Y?

A

Sympathetic nerve endings

71
Q

How many essential amino acids?

A

9 out of 20

72
Q

How can adipose tissue be endocrine?

A

Releasing adipokines, like leptin

73
Q

What molecule does brain depend on?

A

Glucose

74
Q

How much glucose does brain oxidise a day?

A

120g

75
Q

What is excess cholesterol in the liver secreted as?

A

A lipoprotein complex

76
Q

Easy way to remember which between HDL and LDL holds cholesterol?

A

Complex with more protein is denser

77
Q

What does HDL-C contain that facilitates cholesterol uptake?

A

Appolipoprotein-A

78
Q

What does LDL-C do?

A

Bring cholesterol from liver to most cells

79
Q

What does HDL do?

A

Transport cholesterol out of plasma

80
Q

What is oxidized LDL taken up by? Where to?

A

Taken up by macrophages into atherosclerotic plaques

81
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of the amino group from an amino acid, creating ammonia and an organic acid

82
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries

83
Q

What is TCZ and TNZ?

A

Themoneutral zone and thermal comfort zone

84
Q

What occurs during the thermal comfort zone?

A

Shivering thermogenesis

85
Q

What occurs during the thermal neutral zone?

A

Non-shivering thermogenesis

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PHYL1007 (7 decks)

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