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PHYL1007 > Module 7: Respriatory > Flashcards

Module 7: Respriatory Flashcards

1
Q

Can acid-based disturbsances be respiratory or metabolic?

A

They can be both

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2
Q

>Equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O2 + O2 + ADP + Pi -> CO2 + H20 + ATP + Heat

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3
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

Intracellular reaction of oxygen with molecular compounds to produce energy

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4
Q

Define external respiration

A

Movement of gasses between the environment and the body (as discussed over the next few lectures)

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5
Q

What limits diffusion in respiration?

A

Distance limits diffusion

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6
Q

Equation for homeostatic regulation of body pH

A

CO2 + H2O ⇆ H+ + HCO3- (carbonic acid)

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7
Q

Two divisions of the respiratory tract?

A

Upper and lower

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8
Q

Order of lung lumens as air enters system?

A

Trachea -> primary bronchi -> smaller bronci’s -> branchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli

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9
Q

What surrounds each lung?

A

The pleural sac

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10
Q

Aside from the outer surface of the lungs, what does the pleural sac line?

A

The inside of the thorax

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11
Q

What does the pleural sac do?

A

Create slippery surfaces and hold lungs against the thoracic wall

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12
Q

Important difference between rules of cardiovascular system and respiratory system?

A

Gasses can be compressed but fluids cannot be compressed

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13
Q

What are the four (technically 5) lung volumes?

A

Dead Space Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume

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14
Q

What volume of the lung is effected during a simple inspiration/expiration?

A

Tidal volume

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15
Q

What is the additional volume above the tidal volume called?

A

The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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16
Q

What is the volume called at the end of a forceful exhalation after the end of a normal expiration?

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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17
Q

What is the volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation?

A

Residual volume (RV)

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18
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

VC = IRV + ERV + Vt

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19
Q

What is Total lung capacity?

A

TLC = IRV + ERV + Vt

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20
Q

How does inspiration in relation to atmospheric pressure?

A

Inspiration occurs when alveolar pressure decreases Expiration occurs when alveolar pressure increases

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21
Q

What is compliance?

A

The ability to stretch

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22
Q

Difference between high and low compliance?

A

High compliance stretches easy Low compliance requires more force

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23
Q

Restrictive lung diseases due to compliance?

A

Fibrotic lung diseases (fibrosis) Inadequate surfactant production (NRDS)

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24
Q

What is elastance?

A

The ability to return to resting volume when stretching force is released

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25
Q

Where is surfactant more concentrated?

A

In smaller alveoli

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26
Q

What is surfactant composed of?

A

It is a mixture containing proteins and phospholipids

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27
Q

What is the syndrome that effects premature babies naturally? Why?

A

Premature babies do not produce surfactant (not until birth). Can also be an inadequacy in surfactant concentrations as mature neonates. The condition is known as newborn respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)

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28
Q

What is the non-accurate airway resistance formula?

A

Total pulmonary ventilation = ventilation rate x tidal volume

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29
Q

What is the accurate airway resistance formula?

A

alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space)

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30
Q

What regulation matches ventilation and blood flow?

A

Regulation of the diameters of arterioles and bronchioles matches ventilation and blood flow

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31
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation do on airway resistance?

A

Bronchoconstriction increases resistance

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32
Q

What receptors are responsible for bronchodilation? What hormone is responsible?

A

B2 receptors on smooth muscles relax in response to epinephrine

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33
Q

What is the diagnostic technique for ventilation?

A

Auscultation

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34
Q

Five main obstructive lung diseases?

A

Asthma Obstructive sleep apnea Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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35
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

Emphysema + chronic bronchitis

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36
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Shortness of breath due to rupture alveoli

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37
Q

What is Dalton’s law of partial pressure?

A

Total pressure is equal to sum of individual pressures

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38
Q

What are individual pressures in Dalton’s law of partial pressures known as?

A

Partial pressure

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39
Q

How to calculate partial pressure of gas in humid air?

A

Need to subtract water vapour pressure from total pressure Eg: PO2 = (760 –24) x 21% = 155 mmHg 21% refers to oxygen concentration in air, 760 refers to atmospheric pressure and 24 refers to vapour pressure

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40
Q

What is the Law of LaPlace equation?

A

P = 2T/r

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41
Q

What divides the upper and lower respiratory system?

A

It is between the oesophagus/larynx and the trachea

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42
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen in the blood

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43
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High CO2 in the blood

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44
Q

Three regulated variables to avoid hypoxia/hypercapnia?

A

O2, CO2, pH

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45
Q

Causes of low alveolar PO2?

A

Altitude (low O2) Inadequate ventilation -Decreased lung compliance -Increased airway resistance -CNS depression (alcohol, drug overdose etc)

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46
Q

What is a haemoglobin composed of?

A

Four globin chains (two alpha and beta) each with an iron at their centre

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47
Q

What molecule transports heme in the blood?

A

Transferrin

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48
Q

How is excess iron (Fe) stored?

A

In the liver by ferritin

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49
Q

Where is iron taken up?

A

In the bone marrow

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50
Q

How long do RBC’s last for?

A

120 days

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51
Q

Where are old RBC’s phagocytised?

A

In the spleen

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52
Q

What are remnants of heme groups converted to? What are they excreted as?

A

If amino acids aren’t incorporated into new proteins, the remnants of heme groups are converted to bilirubin. Excreted as bile.

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53
Q

Where are bilirubin metabolites excreted?

A

In urine

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54
Q

What results from elevated levels of bilirubin?

A

Jaundice

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55
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Haemoglobin content too low

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56
Q

Primary factor affecting gas exchange?

A

Concentration gradient

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57
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116
Q

Aside from the concentration gradient, what are constant factors that impact diffusion of aveolae to RBC?

A

Surface area
Barrier permeability
Diffusion distance

117
Q

What does a decrease in amount of alveolar surface area referred to?

A

Emphysema

118
Q

What disease does an increase in thickness of alveolar membrane refer to?

A

Fibrotic lung disease

119
Q

What does an increase in diffusion distance between alveoli and blood refer to?

A

Pulmonary oedema

120
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Increasing acidity (decreasing pH) decreases affinity for oxygen

121
Q

What does increasing temperature do in the blood?

A

Decreases affinity for oxygen

122
Q

What does increasing pCO2 do in the blood?

A

Increasing pCO2 decreases affinity for oxygen

123
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood?

A

7%

124
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions?

A

70%

125
Q

What is chloride shift?

A

Cell membranes are generally impermeable to charged ions (i.e.. H+, HCO3− ) but RBCs are able to exchange bicarbonate for chloride using the anion exchanger protein Band 3. Thus, the rise in intracellular bicarbonate leads to bicarbonate export and chloride intake. The term “chloride shift” refers to this exchange.

126
Q

Is chloride concentration lower in systemic venous blood or systemic arterial blood?

A

Lower in systemic venous blood

127
Q

What enzyme assists rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

128
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to haemoglobin?

A

23%

129
Q

What molecule, aside from O2/CO2 can also bind to haemoglobin?

A

H+

130
Q

(Advanced Question) What is a compound of haemoglobin and CO2 referred to?

A

Carbominohaemoglobin

131
Q

What modulates ventilation?

A

Ventilation is subject to continuous modulation by chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor- linked reflexes and by higher brain centres

132
Q

Two groups in medulla that control ventilation?

A

Dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

133
Q

Two areas in the pons for respiratory regulation?

A

The pontine respiratory group is made up of two areas, the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre.

134
Q

Two areas in the pons for respiratory regulation?

A

The pontine respiratory group is made up of two areas, the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre.

135
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors for ventilation located? What cells are they composed of?

A

In the carotid and aortic arteries - they are composed of specialised glomus cells

136
Q

What do chemoreceptors in relation to respiration do?

A

Respond to changes in CO2 in the cerebrospinal fluid

137
Q

What reflex triggers to prevent over-inflation of the lung?

A

The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

138
Q

Aside from the medulla oblongata, what other centres of the brain effect ventilation?

A

Cerebrum and hypothalamus can change control of brain stem on BR and depth

Limbic system can affect breath rate and depth by also bypassing brain stem

139
Q

Why is supplemental oxygen not a good therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Chronically high CO2 levels desensitise CO2-indused respiratory drive; if O2 elevated, breathing rate decreases

Too much oxygen can push the CO2 from haemoglobin into the bloodstream, causing CO2 levels to rise in the blood

140
Q

What determines lung volumes?

A

Age
Height
Fitness (within limits)
Anatomical builds
Ethnicity

141
Q

How does renal compensation for respiration occur?

A

Renal compensation of respiratory acidosis is by increased urinary excretion of hydrogen ions and resorption of HCO3−

142
Q

What does hyperventilation do?

A

Reduce CO2

143
Q

What does raptures of the deep “Martini effect” refer to?

A

Reduction in excitability of neurons because of highly lipid-soluble N2

144
Q

When does high-pressure neurological syndrome occur?

A

Below 30/100ft underwater

145
Q

How can the Martini effect be avoided?

A

By substituting Helium for nitrogen

146
Q

What is the bends?

A

Decompression sickness occurs during sudden ascent

Rapid reduction
N2 quickly comes out of solution
Thus, forms bubbles of gaseous N2 in the body, particularly in the joints

147
Q

Why does severity of the bends depend on how long at depth?

A

Because of how much N2 has dissolved into the blood

148
Q

(Advanced Question) How to facilitate exhalation on rapid ascent?

A

Say “aaaaaaah”

149
Q

What is a sign someone has had a rapid ascent on emerging?

A

Vocalisation

150
Q

Why does altitude decompression occur? At what altitude?

A

9000m altitude depression is because oxygen is less than 30% of that at sea level. Drastically reduce Hb saturation with O2 as a result.

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PHYL1007 (7 decks)

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