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PHYL1007 > Module 1 + 2: Introduction / Cell Biology > Flashcards

Module 1 + 2: Introduction / Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

From smallers to largest:

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

Populations

Ecosystem

Biosphere

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2
Q

Name the ten organ systems

A

Circulatory

Digestive

Endocrine

Immune

Integumentary

Musculoskeletal

Nervous

Reproductive

Respiratory

Urinary

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3
Q

Difference between Function and Process? What are their approaches called?

A

Function explains the “why” -Teleological approach. Process (or mechanism) describes the “how” -Mechanistic approach.

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4
Q

What law does homoeostasis depend on?

A

The law of mass balance.

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5
Q

What is the law of mass balance?

A

Mass Balance = Existing body load + Intake or metabolic production - Excretion or metabolic removal.

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6
Q

Difference between local and reflex control?

A

Local control is restricted to tissue, reflex control uses long-distance pathways or a nervous and/or endocrine system.

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7
Q

What are the four biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleotides

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8
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

One or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar and a carbon-nitrogen ring

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9
Q

What is a carbon-nitrogen ring structure called?

A

A nitrogenous base

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10
Q

(Advanced Question) What is an eicosanoid?

A

Eiconsanoids are a modified 20-carbon fatty acid with a complete or partial carbon ring at one end and two long carbon chain “tails”. They act as regulators of physiological functions.

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11
Q

What bond links two DNA nitrogenous bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What bases are purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines: -Adenine -Guanine Pyrimidines -Cytosine -Thymine -Uracil

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13
Q

(Advanced Question) When a protein is selective bonded, what type of bond is it?

A

Non-covalent

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14
Q

What are signalling molecules also called?

A

Ligands

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15
Q

What are the three types of protein activation and two types of protein inhibition called?

A

Proteolytic activation

Cofactors

Allosteric activator A

Competitive inhibitor

Allosteric inhibition

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16
Q

What is proteolytic activation?

A

Protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed.

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17
Q

What are cofactors in regards to protein activation?

A

Cofactors are required for an inactive protein to be active; attaches are the active binding site.

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18
Q

What is allosteric activation?

A

An allosteric activator is a modulator that binds to protein away from the binding site and turns it on.

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19
Q

What is a competitive inhibition?

A

A competitive inhibitor blocks ligands by binding at the binding site.

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20
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

An allosteric inhibitor is a modulator that binds to protein away from the binding site and in-activates the binding site.

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21
Q

Three major cavities of the body?

A

Cranial

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic

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22
Q

What are the three major fluid-filled compartments of the body?

A

Circulatory system

Eyes

Cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

What is a lumen?

A

A channel or a tube; usually connects with outside environment.

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24
Q

Four main types of hollow organs?

A

Heart

Lungs

Blood vessels

Intestines

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25
Q

What are the four major components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microvilli

Micro-filaments

Micro-tubules

Intermediate filaments

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26
Q

What are micro-filaments? (Advanced Question) What are they composed of?

A

Micro-filaments form a network just inside the cell membrane. Composed of actin.

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27
Q

What are micro-tubules? (Advanced Question) What are they composed of?

A

Composed from the globular protein tubulin; these are the largest cytoskeleton fibre.

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28
Q

What are intermediate filaments? (Advanced Question) What are two major examples?

A

They are named intermediate filaments because they are intermediate in thickness between actin filaments and micro-tubules. Examples are myosin and keratin .

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29
Q

What do centrosomes do?

A

Assemble tubulin monomers into microtubules.

30
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Direct DNA movement in cell division.

31
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Assist with fluid movement across cells.

32
Q

What are kinesins and dyneins do on microtubules?

A

Protein bases that assist with movement of vesicles along microtubules .

33
Q

What do dyneins do?

A

Support the base and assist with movement of cilia and flagella.

34
Q

(Advanced Question) What are the two components of the mitochondria? What is the space between them called?

A

There is an ECM matrix and an inner matrix and folds into leaflets called cristae. The inter-membrane space lies between the two.

35
Q

(Advanced Question) What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?

A

A series of hollow curved sacs called cristenae stacked on top of one another. The GA participates in protein modification and packaging.

36
Q

Difference between smooth and rough ER?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes; it is the main site of protein synthesis while the smooth ER synthesis lipids and in some cells concentrates and stores calcium ions.

37
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

A double-membrane nuclear envelope.

38
Q

What protein is usually found alongside DNA and RNA in the nucleus?

A

Nucleoli

39
Q

How does a nucleus contact with the cytoplasm?

A

Through pores

40
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are small, spherical storage vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes

41
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign materials.

42
Q

What layer of matrix does most epithelial attach to?

A

The basal lamina

43
Q

Three type of cell junctions?

A

Gap Junctions (communicating junction) Tight Junction (occluding junction) Desmosomes (anchoring junction)

44
Q

Where do desmosome junctions anchor? What do desmosomes allow?

A

They anchor in the cytoskeleton. Since they space out two cells, they allow water and fluid to flow between the two cells (like a bridge).

45
Q

What do gap junctions function like? Where are you most likely to find them?

A

A tunnel between two cells. Most likely found in cells that spread action potentials, such as the heart.

46
Q

Five types of epithelia?

A

Exchange epithelium

Transporting epithelium

Ciliated epithelium

Protective epithelium

Secretory epithelium

47
Q

What do genotypes become upon transcription?

A

Phenotypes

48
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics, at the physical, morphologic, or biochemical level, of an individual, as determined by the genotype and environment.

49
Q

(Advanced Question) How many genes do humans roughly have?

A

~30,000

50
Q

(Advanced Question) What chromosome is involved with down syndrome?

A

21

51
Q

Order of DNA synthesis?

A

DNA -> Transcription -> mRNA - > Translation -> protein

52
Q

What parts of an mRNA are spliced away?

A

Introns

53
Q

(Advanced Question) What are added to mRNA after transcription?

A

a 5’ cap and Poly-A tail

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PHYL1007 (7 decks)

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