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PHYL1007 > Module 6: Renal > Flashcards

Module 6: Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What creates fluid pressure in the kidneys?

A

The Bowman’s capsule

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2
Q

What percentage of plasma is filtered through the glomerulus?

A

20%

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3
Q

What percentage of fluid is excreted in the glomerulus?

A

1%

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4
Q

What do the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule form?

A

The renal corpuscle

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5
Q

What does the renal corpuscle do?

A

Filtration of mostly protein-free plasma from the capillaries into the capsule

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6
Q

What do proximal tubule do?

A

Isosmotic reabsorption of organic nutrients, ions, and water. Secretion of metabolites and xenobiotic molecules such as penicillin.`

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7
Q

What does the distal nephron do?

A

Regulated reabsorption of ions and water for salt and water balance and pH homeostasis

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8
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate influenced by?

A

GMR is relatively constant, despite BP changes. The two factors that influence it are the net filtration pressure and the filtration coefficient. Also dependent on the glomerular capillary surface area.

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9
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

It is the hydrostatic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure - fluid pressure

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10
Q

What is the filtration coefficient?

A

It is the permeability of interface between the capillary and Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

What is a myogenic response?

A

The intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes. Similar to auto-regulation in other systemic arterioles

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12
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Paracrine control

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13
Q

What do hormones and autonomic neurons do in GFR regulation?

A

Hormones and autonomic neurons by changing resistance in the arterioles and altering the filtration coefficient

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14
Q

What is the functional unit in the regulation of the urinary system?

A

The nephron

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15
Q

What is the descending and ascending limb of the Loop of Henle between? What do they form?

A

The descending limb and ascending limb are twisted between arterioles and they form the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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16
Q

How is urea reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

Via passive reabsorption

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17
Q

How are plasma proteins reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

Via receptor-mediated endocytosis

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18
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

The plasma concentration at which saturation occurs

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19
Q

What does peritubular capillary pressure favour?

A

Reabsorption

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20
Q

Via what process are molecules transported from the extracellular fluid into the lumen of the nephron?

A

Via active processes (indirect)

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21
Q

What is the formula for excretion?

A

Filtration - reabsorption + secretion

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22
Q

What is clearance in the kidneys?

A

The rate at which a solute disappears from the body y excretion or by metabolism. It is a non-invasive way to measure GFR

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23
Q

What two compounds are used to measure GFR?

A

Inulin and creatinine

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24
Q

What type of mechanisms are thirst and salt craving?

A

Behavioural

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25
Q

What does the renal countercurrent exchange system consist of?

A

Closely associated tubules and capillaries of the vasa recta

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26
Q

How does the countercurrent exchange system function?

A

Countercurrent multiplier transfers solutes by active transport into the medulla. The vasa recta removes water and prevents dilution of the medulla interstitial fluid.

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27
Q

What is the term for sodium loss?

A

Natriuresis

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28
Q

What is the term for water loss?

A

Diuresis

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29
Q

Normal pH of plasma?

A

7.38-7.42

30
Q

What is the effect of the pH of the blood on the CNS?

A

Acidosis: neurons become less excitable; CNS depression Alkolosis: hyperexcitable

31
Q

What are pH disturbances associated with typically?

A

K+ disturbances

32
Q

How does renal regulation effect pH homeostasis?

A

Renal regulation is a receptor-mediated endocytosis. It effects pH directly by excreting or reabsorbing H+ and indirectly by changing the rate at which HCO3- buffer is reabsorbed or excreted.

33
Q

What are your typical renal compensations and Acid-Base disturbances within the renal system?

A

Apical Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE) Basolateral Na+-HCO3- symport H+-ATPase H+-K+-ATPase NA+-NH4+antiport

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PHYL1007 (7 decks)

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