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PHYL1007 > Module 3: Endocrine > Flashcards

Module 3: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the portal system inside the hypothalamus called? What pituitary does it connect with?

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal (pituitary) portal system connects with the anterior pituitary.

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2
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Transport across a selectively permeable membrane

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3
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Uses carrier proteins No energy input, down a concentration gradient Conformational change.

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4
Q

What is active transport?

A

Energy input, against a concentration gradient Primary (direct) transport uses ATP Secondary (indirect) transport use potential energy or another molecule.

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5
Q

Three types of vesicular transport?

A

Phagocytisis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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6
Q

(Advanced Question) What are the characteristics of endocytosis?

A

It is an active process that can be non-selective (pinocytosis) or highly selective. Can recycle its membrane. It also has a receptor-mediated endocytosis that uses coated pits.

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7
Q

Four type of membrane receptors?

A

Ligand-gated

G protein-coupled

Receptor-enzymes

Integrin receptors

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8
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

Transmission of signal from one side of the membrane to the other.

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9
Q

When it comes to alpha and beta receptors, what does alpha and beta usually do?

A

Alpha tends to constrict a blood vessel, while beta dilates.

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10
Q

What hormone does the pinneal gland release?

A

Melatonin.

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11
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin.

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12
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

Prolactin

Growth hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Thyrotropin

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Luteinising hormone

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13
Q

Three major classes of hormones?

A

Peptide

Steroid

Amine (tyrosine derivatives)

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14
Q

(Advanced Question) Two types of amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

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15
Q

(Advanced Question) What do peptide/protein hormones do?

A

Transported in blood at half-life. Binds to surface membrane-proteins. Cellular response through signal transduction system.

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16
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced? Via what precursor?

A

In the adrenal glands and gonads, via cholesterol.

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17
Q

Are steroids lipophillic or lipophollic?

A

Lipophillic.

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18
Q

Characteristics of steroid hormones?

A

Longer half-life

Slower acting

Genomic effect to active or repress genes for protein synthesis

Non-genomic response

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19
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Amines derived from tyrosine

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20
Q

(Advanced Questions) What is the difference between catecholamines and non-catecholamines?

A

The basic difference between the catecholamines and non-catecholamines is that one is produced within the body and the other is the name given to a groups of drugs that generate the same reaction in the body as the catecholamines.

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21
Q

What are thyroid hormones used for?

A

Fight or flight responses

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22
Q

(Advanced Questions) How does on convert tyrosine to thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones are synthesised from two tyrosine and iodine atoms.

23
Q

What does a trophic hormone control?

A

The secretion of another hormone.

24
Q

What is the portal system inside the hypothalamus called? What pituitary does it connect with?

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal (pituitary) portal system connects with the anterior pituitary.

25
Q

Three integrating systems of endocrine control?

(Advanced Question) What is the controller?

A

Hypothalamic stimulation

(from CNS)

Anterior pituitary stimulation

(from hypothalamic trophic hormones)

Endocrine gland stimulation

(from anterior pituitary trophic hormones)

26
Q

What trophic hormone in the anterior pituitary gland does NOT stimulate endocrine glands?

A

Prolactin.

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PHYL1007 (7 decks)

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