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ANBI 110 > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

One Health

A

concept recognizing health of domestic animals connection to human health and the environment

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2
Q

Zoonotic Disease

A

disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans

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3
Q

Zoonotic diseases can be caused by…
(5)

A

virus
bacteria
prions
parasites
fungi

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4
Q

Some examples of zoonotic diseases

A

anthrax
rabies
hanta virus
bovine tuberculosis

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5
Q

3 pathways of disease transmission

A

direct
indirect
by vector

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6
Q

direct transmission

A

contact through touching infected

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7
Q

indirect transmission

A

shared food, unpasteurized milk, uncooked meat, contact with infected blood/feces/urine/saliva

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8
Q

transmission by vector

A

tick or mosquito spreading disease by drawing blood from infected animal, then feeding on uninfected animal

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9
Q

3 parts of the agent-host epidemiological triangle

A

host
agent
environment

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10
Q

if rabies is the agent, what are the host and environment

A

host-skunk
environment-forest

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11
Q

what is avian influenza caused by

A

virus

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12
Q

Low pathogenic avian influenza

A

no/low signs in birds
eg most influenza A viruses

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13
Q

Highly pathogenic avian influenza

A

causes severe disease and high poultry mortality

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14
Q

since 2003 WHO has announced >____ confirmed H5N1 cases, >_____ died

A

870
450

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15
Q

how do most human H5N1 cases occur

A

from contact with sick or dead poultry infected with H5N1

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16
Q

Avian influenza transmission cycles

A

domestic fowl–> shorebird and waterfowl (can go back to domestic fowl)
domestic fowl–> mammals (swine)–> humans
domestic fowl–> humans

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17
Q

there is particular concern for H5N1 in __________ _______ such as __________ or __________ that died in western china

A

migratory waterfowl
bar-headed geese
brown-headed gulls

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18
Q

H5N1 has caused mortality in over __ species of wild birds in Asia

A

40

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19
Q

> ____ birds died of H5N1 in 2005

A

6000

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20
Q

do migratory birds show signs of H5N1

A

rarely

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21
Q

poultry outbreaks of avian influenza risk factors (4)

A

increased population density
close proximity to lakes/wetlands
increased temperatures
reduced precipitation in cold season

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22
Q

in wild bird, H5N1 were associated with…

A

increased vegetation productivity
lower elevation

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23
Q

pigs are ________ hosts to high path H5N1, meaning

A

intermediate
they can spread to humans

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24
Q

Avian influenza management(6)

A

biosecurity (shower, all in all out, sectioning)
PPE
Vaccination
Location planning
sharing data
testing

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25
Q

what makes the one health approach so unique

A

it is very broad but very interconnected

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26
Q

3 factors of emerging infectious diseases

A
  • recently increased in incidence or geographic/host range
  • new variants assigned to known pathogens (influenza)
  • newly resistant to antibiotics (MRSA)
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27
Q

Pathogen

A

infectious microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, protozoa, prion, or fungus

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28
Q

struggles and misconceptions of northern community dogs

A

harder to feed (higher prices)
restricted veterinary care
dogs have jobs, they are more than pets

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29
Q

risks of land food

A

dogs eating raw meat pass on pathogens

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30
Q

methods of the northern dog health study

A

collecting dog feces before and after deworming
collecting blood from community members to test for pathogens

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31
Q

results of northern dog health study

A

65% of 201 people tested had been exposed to 1/4 zoonotic parasites
highest percentage being echinococcus granulosus (48%)

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32
Q

how did toxocara change between 2010 and 2011

A

2010- 9%
2011- 0%

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33
Q

how did giardia change between 2010 and 2011

A

2010- 12%
2011- 2%

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34
Q

Canine infection mitigation (4)

A

treatments
PPE
Tying up to prevent contact
choosing lower risk dog foods

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35
Q

climate change key points

A

it is warming
it is us
we are sure
it is bad
we can fix it

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36
Q

climate definition

A

long term changes that are statistically significant regarding temperature, precipitation that are statistically measurable

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37
Q

relationship between temperature and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

A

CO2 up temp uo

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38
Q

warming and CO2 relationship since the 1950s

A

warming has lagged behind CO2 increase

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39
Q

in order for human life to stay sustainable, CO2 concentration must stay below

A

350 ppm

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40
Q

in 2014, CO2 concentration crossed ___ppm

A

400

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41
Q

CO2 ppm for 2023

A

419

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42
Q

internal forcing mechanism of climate change

A

ocean variability
biological activity (modifies carbon and water cycles)

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43
Q

External forcing mechanisms of climate change

A

solar output
earth’s magnetic field strength
volcanic eruptions
plate tectonics
human influences!!!

44
Q

how is climate change measured

A

fossils
ice cores
weather stations
pollen
historians
sattilites

45
Q

anthropogenic global warming

A

climate change that began in the late 19th century as a direct cause of human activity

46
Q

axis on the hockey stick graph

A

x- year (1000-2000)
y- departures from long term average in temperature (C)

47
Q

hockey stick graph trend

A

consistent around -0.25 C till around 1900 when it spiked

48
Q

greenhouse gases (5)

A

carbon dioxide
methane
CFC
water vapour
nitrous oxide

49
Q

climate change impact on extreme weather (high to low) (6)

A

heat waves
flooding
precipitation
drought
hurricane
tornado

50
Q

it has been found that __% of climate researchers support the concept of ACC

A

98%

51
Q

what animals have highest enteric methane output? lowest?

A

high: beef, dairy, buffalo, sheep, goat
low: pig, chicken

52
Q

mitigation methods for methane and their impact level

A

dietary lipids (medium)
not grazing on wet soil (low)
increased reproductive efficiency (low-medium)

53
Q

positive impacts of climate change on livestock production

A

longer growing season
higher CO2–> fertilizer
less winter feeding

54
Q

negative impacts of climate change on livestock production

A

heat stress–> sick animals
fires
drought
cold disease and frozen ears

55
Q

largest GHG emission

A

CO2

56
Q

how is CO2 produced and some mitigation options

A

fossil fuel use
land clearing
agriculture
mitigation- soil management

57
Q

how is methane produced and some mitigation options

A

ag activities
mitigation- waste management

58
Q

how is nitrous oxide produced and some mitigation options

A

ag activities (fertilizer use)
mitigation-careful fertilizer use

59
Q

how are F-gases produced

A

industrial processes
refrigeration

60
Q

climate change mitigation options

A

limit driving
reduce energy usage
renewable resources
manre management

61
Q

Species at risk act (canada) SARA

A

federal government commitment to prevent wildlife species from becoming extinct and ensure legal protection

62
Q

three key tools of SARA

A

official recognition: plant or animal must be listed to be protected
habitat protection: identification of habitat needed for survival and recovery
safety net: federal government can step in if protection is failing

63
Q

what is COSEWIC

A

committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada

64
Q

what does COSEWIC do?

A

assesses national status of wild species and their habitats

65
Q

define extinct and example

A

a wildlife species that no longer exists on earth
heath hen

66
Q

define extirpated and example

A

a wildlife species no longer existing in canada but occurring elsewhere
black footed ferret

67
Q

define endangered and example

A

a wildlife species facing imminent extirpation or extinction
townsend’s mole

68
Q

define threatened and example

A

a wildlife species that is likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed
wood bison

69
Q

define special concern and example

A

wildlife species that may become threatened because of a combination of biological characteristics and identifies threats
black tailed prairie dog

70
Q

define not at risk and example

A

a wildlife species that has been evaluated and isnt at risk currently
white tail deer

71
Q

define data deficient and example

A

wildlife species that cannot be evaluated as they are not researched enough
snails

72
Q

biggest threats to species at risk

A

habitat loss

73
Q

operation burrowing owl

A

protecting habitat from cultivation
focused on education, habitat enhancement, and conservation easements

74
Q

mitigation for species at risk

A

conservation easements
education(environmental farm plan)
funding
protective fencing

75
Q

define exotic species

A

an introduced, alien, non native species

76
Q

species introduced in sask by accident

A

rat
zebra mussles

77
Q

species introduced in sask deliberately

A

pigeons
wild pigs
red deer

78
Q

define invasive species

A

an exotic species that does economic, human, or environmental harm

79
Q

Leafy spurge

A

spreads by seeds
pods dry out and explode (5m)

80
Q

invasive species impacts on agriculture

A

crop yield decrease
choke out beneficial species
land value loss
livestock health and wellbeing

81
Q

tens rule

A

1/10 alien species will establish
1 in those 10 will become invasive
1% will become invasive
ruel is modified by human management

82
Q

some pathways of invasive species transfer

A

human traffic
livestock manure
seed contaaminants

83
Q

risk=

A

magnitude of potential loss x probability

84
Q

define risk assessment

A

scientific based approach that quantitatively and qualitatively determines risk

85
Q

bioclimatic envelope models

A

using native and new climates to predict how a introduced species will thrive

86
Q

risk management loop (5)

A

prevention
early detection
rapid response
containing and controlling
reviewing and reporting

87
Q

invasive species mitigation

A

fire
seed cleaning
biological control
trapping
prevention (evaluation and analysis)

88
Q

Millennium ecosystem assessment determination

A

in the last 50 years, 60% of all ecosystem services have declined as a result of industry growth

89
Q

supporting services

A

necessary for all other production
nutrient cycling
sunlight

90
Q

provisioning services

A

products obtained
food
fuel
fibers

91
Q

regulating services

A

benefits obtained
water purification
Greenhouse effect
carbon cycle

92
Q

cultural services

A

non material benefits
education
ecotourism
sports

93
Q

some examples of landscape management

A

windbreaks
hedgerows

94
Q

some examples of ecosystem disservices

A

loss of biodiversity
nutrient runoff

95
Q

payments for ecosystem services

A

incentives provided to producers to provide ecological benefit
promotes conservation

96
Q

conservation reserve program

A

longest running PES program (based in the US)
originally aimed to prevent erosion
reduced runoff and increased duck population

97
Q

alternative land use services (ALUS)

A

community developed, farmer delivered program to maintain natures benefits

98
Q

ALUS principles

A

community developed: flexible response to local agriculture
integrated: delivery complements existing conservation (government framework)

99
Q

_____ pays farmers to retain and reconstruct natural areas

A

ALUS

100
Q

Fee simple land

A

land sold or donated to NCC
NCC becomes owner and manager

101
Q

Conservation easement

A

landowner voluntary relinquishes certain rights/opportunities
mutually agreed upon restrictions set into law
restrictions pass on to next land owners

102
Q

how does NCC focus their work

A

Natural area conservation plan
open standards for conservation

103
Q

open standards for conservation

A

widely adopted set of principles and practices

104
Q

each fee simple property has a ______ __________ ______

A

property management plan

105
Q

what do property management plans entail and how often are they renewed

A

identify conservation goals and how to achieve them
5 years

ANBI 110 (5 decks)

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