Module 8 Flashcards
One Health
concept recognizing health of domestic animals connection to human health and the environment
Zoonotic Disease
disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans
Zoonotic diseases can be caused by…
(5)
virus
bacteria
prions
parasites
fungi
Some examples of zoonotic diseases
anthrax
rabies
hanta virus
bovine tuberculosis
3 pathways of disease transmission
direct
indirect
by vector
direct transmission
contact through touching infected
indirect transmission
shared food, unpasteurized milk, uncooked meat, contact with infected blood/feces/urine/saliva
transmission by vector
tick or mosquito spreading disease by drawing blood from infected animal, then feeding on uninfected animal
3 parts of the agent-host epidemiological triangle
host
agent
environment
if rabies is the agent, what are the host and environment
host-skunk
environment-forest
what is avian influenza caused by
virus
Low pathogenic avian influenza
no/low signs in birds
eg most influenza A viruses
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
causes severe disease and high poultry mortality
since 2003 WHO has announced >____ confirmed H5N1 cases, >_____ died
870
450
how do most human H5N1 cases occur
from contact with sick or dead poultry infected with H5N1
Avian influenza transmission cycles
domestic fowl–> shorebird and waterfowl (can go back to domestic fowl)
domestic fowl–> mammals (swine)–> humans
domestic fowl–> humans
there is particular concern for H5N1 in __________ _______ such as __________ or __________ that died in western china
migratory waterfowl
bar-headed geese
brown-headed gulls
H5N1 has caused mortality in over __ species of wild birds in Asia
40
> ____ birds died of H5N1 in 2005
6000
do migratory birds show signs of H5N1
rarely
poultry outbreaks of avian influenza risk factors (4)
increased population density
close proximity to lakes/wetlands
increased temperatures
reduced precipitation in cold season
in wild bird, H5N1 were associated with…
increased vegetation productivity
lower elevation
pigs are ________ hosts to high path H5N1, meaning
intermediate
they can spread to humans
Avian influenza management(6)
biosecurity (shower, all in all out, sectioning)
PPE
Vaccination
Location planning
sharing data
testing
what makes the one health approach so unique
it is very broad but very interconnected
3 factors of emerging infectious diseases
- recently increased in incidence or geographic/host range
- new variants assigned to known pathogens (influenza)
- newly resistant to antibiotics (MRSA)
Pathogen
infectious microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, protozoa, prion, or fungus
struggles and misconceptions of northern community dogs
harder to feed (higher prices)
restricted veterinary care
dogs have jobs, they are more than pets
risks of land food
dogs eating raw meat pass on pathogens
methods of the northern dog health study
collecting dog feces before and after deworming
collecting blood from community members to test for pathogens
results of northern dog health study
65% of 201 people tested had been exposed to 1/4 zoonotic parasites
highest percentage being echinococcus granulosus (48%)
how did toxocara change between 2010 and 2011
2010- 9%
2011- 0%
how did giardia change between 2010 and 2011
2010- 12%
2011- 2%
Canine infection mitigation (4)
treatments
PPE
Tying up to prevent contact
choosing lower risk dog foods
climate change key points
it is warming
it is us
we are sure
it is bad
we can fix it
climate definition
long term changes that are statistically significant regarding temperature, precipitation that are statistically measurable
relationship between temperature and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
CO2 up temp uo
warming and CO2 relationship since the 1950s
warming has lagged behind CO2 increase
in order for human life to stay sustainable, CO2 concentration must stay below
350 ppm
in 2014, CO2 concentration crossed ___ppm
400
CO2 ppm for 2023
419
internal forcing mechanism of climate change
ocean variability
biological activity (modifies carbon and water cycles)
External forcing mechanisms of climate change
solar output
earth’s magnetic field strength
volcanic eruptions
plate tectonics
human influences!!!
how is climate change measured
fossils
ice cores
weather stations
pollen
historians
sattilites
anthropogenic global warming
climate change that began in the late 19th century as a direct cause of human activity
axis on the hockey stick graph
x- year (1000-2000)
y- departures from long term average in temperature (C)
hockey stick graph trend
consistent around -0.25 C till around 1900 when it spiked
greenhouse gases (5)
carbon dioxide
methane
CFC
water vapour
nitrous oxide
climate change impact on extreme weather (high to low) (6)
heat waves
flooding
precipitation
drought
hurricane
tornado
it has been found that __% of climate researchers support the concept of ACC
98%
what animals have highest enteric methane output? lowest?
high: beef, dairy, buffalo, sheep, goat
low: pig, chicken
mitigation methods for methane and their impact level
dietary lipids (medium)
not grazing on wet soil (low)
increased reproductive efficiency (low-medium)
positive impacts of climate change on livestock production
longer growing season
higher CO2–> fertilizer
less winter feeding
negative impacts of climate change on livestock production
heat stress–> sick animals
fires
drought
cold disease and frozen ears
largest GHG emission
CO2
how is CO2 produced and some mitigation options
fossil fuel use
land clearing
agriculture
mitigation- soil management
how is methane produced and some mitigation options
ag activities
mitigation- waste management
how is nitrous oxide produced and some mitigation options
ag activities (fertilizer use)
mitigation-careful fertilizer use
how are F-gases produced
industrial processes
refrigeration
climate change mitigation options
limit driving
reduce energy usage
renewable resources
manre management
Species at risk act (canada) SARA
federal government commitment to prevent wildlife species from becoming extinct and ensure legal protection
three key tools of SARA
official recognition: plant or animal must be listed to be protected
habitat protection: identification of habitat needed for survival and recovery
safety net: federal government can step in if protection is failing
what is COSEWIC
committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada
what does COSEWIC do?
assesses national status of wild species and their habitats
define extinct and example
a wildlife species that no longer exists on earth
heath hen
define extirpated and example
a wildlife species no longer existing in canada but occurring elsewhere
black footed ferret
define endangered and example
a wildlife species facing imminent extirpation or extinction
townsend’s mole
define threatened and example
a wildlife species that is likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed
wood bison
define special concern and example
wildlife species that may become threatened because of a combination of biological characteristics and identifies threats
black tailed prairie dog
define not at risk and example
a wildlife species that has been evaluated and isnt at risk currently
white tail deer
define data deficient and example
wildlife species that cannot be evaluated as they are not researched enough
snails
biggest threats to species at risk
habitat loss
operation burrowing owl
protecting habitat from cultivation
focused on education, habitat enhancement, and conservation easements
mitigation for species at risk
conservation easements
education(environmental farm plan)
funding
protective fencing
define exotic species
an introduced, alien, non native species
species introduced in sask by accident
rat
zebra mussles
species introduced in sask deliberately
pigeons
wild pigs
red deer
define invasive species
an exotic species that does economic, human, or environmental harm
Leafy spurge
spreads by seeds
pods dry out and explode (5m)
invasive species impacts on agriculture
crop yield decrease
choke out beneficial species
land value loss
livestock health and wellbeing
tens rule
1/10 alien species will establish
1 in those 10 will become invasive
1% will become invasive
ruel is modified by human management
some pathways of invasive species transfer
human traffic
livestock manure
seed contaaminants
risk=
magnitude of potential loss x probability
define risk assessment
scientific based approach that quantitatively and qualitatively determines risk
bioclimatic envelope models
using native and new climates to predict how a introduced species will thrive
risk management loop (5)
prevention
early detection
rapid response
containing and controlling
reviewing and reporting
invasive species mitigation
fire
seed cleaning
biological control
trapping
prevention (evaluation and analysis)
Millennium ecosystem assessment determination
in the last 50 years, 60% of all ecosystem services have declined as a result of industry growth
supporting services
necessary for all other production
nutrient cycling
sunlight
provisioning services
products obtained
food
fuel
fibers
regulating services
benefits obtained
water purification
Greenhouse effect
carbon cycle
cultural services
non material benefits
education
ecotourism
sports
some examples of landscape management
windbreaks
hedgerows
some examples of ecosystem disservices
loss of biodiversity
nutrient runoff
payments for ecosystem services
incentives provided to producers to provide ecological benefit
promotes conservation
conservation reserve program
longest running PES program (based in the US)
originally aimed to prevent erosion
reduced runoff and increased duck population
alternative land use services (ALUS)
community developed, farmer delivered program to maintain natures benefits
ALUS principles
community developed: flexible response to local agriculture
integrated: delivery complements existing conservation (government framework)
_____ pays farmers to retain and reconstruct natural areas
ALUS
Fee simple land
land sold or donated to NCC
NCC becomes owner and manager
Conservation easement
landowner voluntary relinquishes certain rights/opportunities
mutually agreed upon restrictions set into law
restrictions pass on to next land owners
how does NCC focus their work
Natural area conservation plan
open standards for conservation
open standards for conservation
widely adopted set of principles and practices
each fee simple property has a ______ __________ ______
property management plan
what do property management plans entail and how often are they renewed
identify conservation goals and how to achieve them
5 years
