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ANBI 110 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Animal Domestication Definition

A

population of a living organism is genetically changed over generations to benefit humans (for food, work, clothing, medicine)

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2
Q

How many of suitable sized animals were domesticated

A

14/145

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3
Q

Wild degree of domestication

A

Untamed

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4
Q

Tamed degree of domestication

A

useful state

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5
Q

Semi-domesticated degree of domestication

A

Sill express some wild traits, may be slightly dependent on humans

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6
Q

Domesticated degree of domestication

A

selected through human management and adapted over generations

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7
Q

How are Adrenal glands adapted by domestication?

A

Less hormone produced= more tame

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8
Q

How to melanocytes change with domestication?

A

Coat colour is impacted

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9
Q

How do Chondrocytes change with domestication?

A

Reduction in skull size

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10
Q

How do odontocytes change with domestication?

A

reduced number of teeth

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11
Q

Steps to evolution by natural selection

A
  • population of a species has variation
  • some variations are more favourable
  • more offspring are produced than survive
  • those with favourable traits produce more surviving offspring
  • favourable trait becomes fixed over time
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12
Q

Natural selection has ___ selection pressure
_______ years

A

low selection pressure
60 million years

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13
Q

steps to evolution by artificial selection

A
  • population of a domestic species has variation
  • humans prefer some variations
  • only individuals with desired traits are allowed to reproduce
  • breeding stock becomes dominated by trait
  • species will change over time so objective is reached
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14
Q

Artificial selection has a _______ selection pressure

A

high

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15
Q

First domestication species and age

A

wolf
20,000-40,000 years ago

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16
Q

Difference between a hypothesis and a theory

A

hypothesis is a proposed explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point
theory is a well confirmed explanation

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17
Q

Russian fox experiment

A

belyaev selected foxed based on temperament (extremely, moderately, fearful, or quiet) to simulate how wolves turned to dogs
criteria: flight threshold, tamest 10% for breeding stock

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18
Q

Russian fox experiment results

A

after 40 yrs and 35-40 generations of foxes, 70-80% allow for petting and are considered tame

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19
Q

Morphological associated changes

A

shorter, wider skulls (overall smaller)
some lines had biannual estrus
floppy ears, curly tails, piebald coats
changes in pattern of neonatal development

20
Q

7 changes in domesticated species

A
  • increase tameness
  • decrease brain size
  • floppy ears
  • shorter muzzle
  • decreased tooth size
  • coat colour change
  • more frequent estrus cycle
21
Q

What is tameness

A

Reduction in release of stress hormones
- reduced fight or flight
- decreased reactivity in new situations

22
Q

What are the long term and short term stress hormones? where are they produced

A

long term: Glucocorticoids-cortisol
short term: Catecholamines-epinephrine and norepinephrine
produced in adrenal gland (top of kidney)

23
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

A

regulate duration of neonatal development

24
Q

What do catecholamines do?

A

trigger acute stress such as fight/flight

25
Q

Development of neutral crest

A
  • neutral groove
  • neutral tube
  • neutral crest cells migrate
26
Q

Neutral crest hypothesis

A

domestication = decrease in size of neutral crest cells
population of cells reduced
changes in morphology

27
Q

How was the wolf domesticated

A

-wolves that had shorter flight distances could benefit from human food waste
-these wolves breed with each other
-over time they become domesticated (lower stress hormone, lower neural

28
Q

Co domestication of wolves and humans

A

humans that were reactive chase animals off

29
Q

Commensal pathway example and explanation

A

Cat, dog, chicken, llama
one species obtains food from the other without harming or benefiting each other
PARTNERSHIP

30
Q

Commensal relationship of cats and age

A

rodent control, spiritual (in egypt)
9000 yrs ago relationship
3000-5000 yrs ago domestication

31
Q

Difference between cat and dog domestication

A

cats have been more fully selected for genes associated with behaviour and neural crest development

32
Q

Prey pathway example and explaination

A

Goats, sheep, cattle
evolution of hunting to herd to ranching

33
Q

sheep domestication times and years

A

atleast 3 times in the middle east
11000 yrs ago

34
Q

Struggle with sheep domestication

A

domesticated for wool production which is unnecessary today. what to do with the wool?

35
Q

Why were sheep chosen for domestication?

A

eat everything
valued in some countries
tame in enclosures
herd (gregarious) behaviour

36
Q

Goat domestication number of breeds and year

A

10,000 years ago

300+ breeds

37
Q

Cattle domestication years and duration of domestication

A

10,000 yrs ago
1000 years to domesticate

38
Q

M bison x F beef =

A

infertile offspring

39
Q

F bison x M beef =

A

fertile F infertile M

40
Q

why were ruminants selected

A

eat what we don’t
make unproductive farmland into productive grazing land

41
Q

Directed pathway example and explanation

A

Horse, donkey, camel
used for human labour

42
Q

is there a single domestication event in directed pathway?

A

no, wild kept breeding with tame

43
Q

Horse domestication year

A

5000 years ago
no wild exists today

44
Q

Genetic changes in horse domestication

A

genes related to
fear response
cognative/behaviour
social
learning capability
muscle and limb development

45
Q

Selections for productivity (4)

A

Growth rate (avg daily gain)
Milk production (kg per day)
Speed
Learning and training ability

46
Q

Example of simple dominance in animal breeding

A

horned vs polled cattle
polled gene has become dominant to reduce injury and ease production ability

ANBI 110 (5 decks)

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