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ANBI 110 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium of internal environment

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2
Q

Steps to homeostasis regulation (5)

A
  1. stimulus produces change
  2. Receptor detects change
  3. info sent along afferent pathways to control center
  4. info sent alon efferent pathways to effector
  5. Response of effector feeds back to stimulus and returns homeostasis
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3
Q

What is the efferent response of putting your hand on a hot surface

A

removing hand

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4
Q

two systems in internal communication for animals

A

nervous system
endocrine system

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5
Q

Endocrine system description (4 points)

A
  • secretes hormones transmitted to target cells via blood or intestinal fluid
  • causes changes in metabolic activities in specific cells
  • action is relatively slow
  • effects are relatively prolonged
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6
Q

Hormone break down rate

A

slow

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7
Q

Nervous system description (4 points)

A
  • transmits neurochemical impulses via neurotransmitters
  • causes muscular contractions or gland secretion
  • Action is very rapid
  • effects are relatively brief
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8
Q

What do afferent neurons do

A

take sensory information to brain

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9
Q

what do efferent neurons do

A

take response information to desired muscle/gland (effector)

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10
Q

3 basic components that make up the endocrine system

A
  1. endocrine gland/cells
  2. hormone
  3. target organ
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11
Q

example of a stress response pathway

A

adrenal cortex–> cortisol–> many targets

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12
Q

2 divisions of endocrine system

A

neuroendocrine system
peripheral endocrine system

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13
Q

what is the neuroendocrine system
examples?

A

neurosecretory neurons with nerve terminals that release hormones into the blood or extracellular fluid
-hypothalamus, pituitary

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14
Q

What is the peripheral endocrine system
examples?

A

non neural tissue with no direct links to the nervous system.
- adrenal gland, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland

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15
Q

anterior pituitary system type and pathway

A

2 hormone system
because anterior is not brain tissue, neurons cant get to it directly, hypothalamus secretes hormone into the blood to tell the anterior pituitary to secrete/ inhibit a secondary hormone

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16
Q

posterior pituitary system type and pathway

A

1 hormone system
signals from the brain come direct to posterior as it is brain tissue, hormone secreted/inhibited

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17
Q

common anterior pituitary hormones

A

FSH
LH
growth hormone

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18
Q

Common posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin
ADH

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19
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms

A

keep producing hormone

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20
Q

Negative feedback mechanism

A

hormone feeds back to brain to stop production
pancreas-insulin-muscles-glucose decreases to stop insulin production

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21
Q

4 categories of hormone activity

A
  1. stimulate the making of new proteins
  2. activate or inactivate enzymes
  3. open or close cell membrane channels
  4. cause cells to secrete/release something
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22
Q

Hormone cell relationship

A

hormones change cell activity but dont make them do something completely new

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23
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

too much cortisol

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24
Q

prolonged hormone exposure in aquaculture can cause

A

sex reversal

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25
Q

Berthold’s experiment on endocrinology

A

observed castration of male chickens (reduced size and aggression)
had 2 testes, no testes, and single testes animals: single testes grew biggest testes
trasplated testes reestablished blood flow not nerves
allowed for saying that testes play a role in development and blood supply plays a role in communication

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26
Q

hormone classifications factors (3)

A

type of signalling (autocrine: cell produces hormone, paracrine: acts on same organ, endocrine:hormone travels to act)
chemical structure (protein peptide, amine, steriod)
solubility (water vs fat soluble)

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27
Q

Examples of steroid hormones
solubility

A

stress hormones (cortisol), sex hormones (estradiol and testosterone)
lipid soluble

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28
Q

Example of peptide hormone

A

insulin

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29
Q

example of amino acid hormone

A

thyroid hormone

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30
Q

how do cells know to respond to certain hormones

A

specific receptors on target cells, most have more than one type of receptor

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31
Q

Possible receptor locations

A

on the cell membrane
inside cell (cytosol or nucleus)

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32
Q

How do water soluble hormones move?

A

leave cell through exocytosis
can transport themselves through blood
must go through endocytosis to get back into cell

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33
Q

How do fat soluble hormones move?

A

can easily cross cell membranes
need a transport protein to move through blood

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34
Q

Agonists

A

artificial hormone made to replicate a responce

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35
Q

antagonists

A

artificial substance that blockks hormone receptors to limit responces

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36
Q

impact of environmental chemicals on endocrine system

A

can act as antagonists or agonists and disrupt the system

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37
Q

crucial consideration when making agonists and antagonists

A

must have similar structure to fit the receptor

38
Q

definition of sex levels

A

G chromosomal sex
G gonadal sex
G hormonal sex
P morphological sex
P behavioural sex
~gender identity

39
Q

sex determination

A

the natural events in which an individual becomes male or female

40
Q

Genetic sex determination

A

determined at fertilization by combination of genes

41
Q

Environmental sex determination

A

determined after fertilization by temperature, population, size ect

42
Q

Mammal genetic sex determination letter and ratio

A

1:1
Female: XX
Male: XY

43
Q

bird, snake, butterfly, fish, and some amphibian sex determination letters and ratio

A

1:1
Female: ZW
Male: ZZ

44
Q

Factors impacting environmental sex determination and examples

A

chance (how sea sponge lands on sea floor)
availability of resources (parasitic worm nutrient availability)
Social (clownfish hierarchy)
Temperature

45
Q

Specific gene on Y chromosome that determines sex

A

sex determining region (SRY gene)

46
Q

SRY gene regulates…

A

many genes that play into testes formation
sex differentiation

47
Q

What produces hormones in the ovarian follicle

A

granulosa and theca cells produce estradiol to release into blood

48
Q

what produces sex hormone in males

A

Leydig cells produce testosterone and releases into blood

49
Q

Freemartinism

A

infertile female twin with masculinized behaviour and non functioning ovaries

50
Q

how does the female twin get male hormone

A

amniotic fluid contains hormones at some points of development and migrates to female twin

51
Q

Freemartin characteristics

A
  • small ovaries that don’t produce estradiol
  • male like characteristics
  • infertile
  • abnormal sex organs
  • brain is masculinized
52
Q

what is stress

A

an environmental change that disrupts homeostasis and threatens the animal

53
Q

what is a stress response

A

physiological and behavioural responses that reestablish homeostasis

54
Q

Acute stress

A

fight or flight
recovery follows quickly

55
Q

chronic stress

A

constant and repeated
impairs immune/general health

56
Q

2 stress systems in animals

A

sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM) short term
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system (HPA) chronic

57
Q

How does the SAM work

A

brain perceives stressor
signals sent to adrenal gland to release adrenaline (epinephrine)

58
Q

How does the HAP work

A

hypothalamus releases hormone in response to chronic stress
pituitary signalled to release hormone
adrenal signalled to produce cortisol

59
Q

adrenal gland located…

A

on top of the kidney

60
Q

adrenal gland setup

A

outer cortex layer
inner medulla

61
Q

stress response pathway

A
  • perceive the stimuli
  • autonomic response (adrenaline/epinephrine release, inhibit unnecessary functions)
  • endocrine response (cortisol release, glucose production, protein breakdown
  • exhaustion
62
Q

physiological responses to stress

A

catecholamines (adrenaline/epinephrine)
cortisol

63
Q

Behavioural responses to stress

A

active (fight or flight)
passive (hiding, abnormal behaviour ect)

64
Q

Behavioural stress response examples

A

vocalization
restlessness
isolation

65
Q

Physiological stress responses
examples

A

high HR and BP
low reproductive hormones

66
Q

Performance stress response examples

A

low milk yield
low body condition
low fertility

67
Q

Immune stress response examples

A

lower white blood cells
higher disease

68
Q

2 ways to measure stress in animals

A

behavioral assessment
hormonal analysis

69
Q

behavioural assessment points

A

species specific behaviours
learned behaviours
dependent on many factors

70
Q

how hormone measurements are indicators of stress

A

stress secretes hormone into blood stream and can move to other tissues

71
Q

measuring cortisol through blood

A

gold standard
measures total (free and bound)
stressful and invasive process-may increase stress hormone in blood

72
Q

measuring corisol through saliva

A

can detect cortisol level changes within seconds-minutes
done by collecting drool with absorbent material
less invasive

73
Q

benefits of measuring cortisol through feces

A

useful for livestock and marine as you dont have to catch the animal
not as accurate for wildlife as you dont know how recent the sample is

74
Q

measuring cortisol through urine

A

only free cortisol is measured as bound is filtered by kidney
sampling needs to be consistent due to circadian patterns
can be difficult to collect

75
Q

measuring cortisol through hair

A

can provide timeline of stress
stable sample unlike other methods (dont need to freeze or test right away)

76
Q

Toxicology

A

the study of adverse effects of toxicants on living things

77
Q

Toxicant

A

any agent capable of producing adverse effects on living things

78
Q

factors influencing toxicity

A

life stage at exposure
route of exposure
length of exposure

79
Q

most susceptible life stage to toxicants
why

A

development (embryo and early infancy)
often irreversible effects
differentiation of organs and cell types is happening

80
Q

what does route of toxicant exposure change

A

the dose
exposure is what is taken in, dose is what gets to the organ
ingestion is the most hazardous as it is direct route to the liver

81
Q

why is it important to know species differences in response to toxicants

A
  • diagnosis
    -treatment
    -drug development
82
Q

examples of where selective toxicity is a benefit

A

antibiotics (killing what’s wanted not eveything)

83
Q

Reasons for species variability to toxicants

A

route of exposure (water vs air, fish vs bird)
organ system differences or capacities
species size

84
Q

why is toxicity testing done

A

to determine the maximum safe dose tolerance

85
Q

history of toxicity testing

A

began in early 20th century
follows standardized guidelines to ensure global results can be compared

86
Q

alternatives to using animals for toxicity testing

A

simulators
in vitro cells/tissues

87
Q

advantages to live toxicity testing

A

higher accuracy
effects on each organ can be measured
can measure behavioural changes

88
Q

disadvantages to live toxicity testing

A

species specificity
ethic concerns
animals bred as lab models are inbred and can have altered results
high money and resource requirement

89
Q

advantages to in vitro toxicity testing

A

cell type specific
non invasive
less variability

90
Q

disadvantage to in vitro toxicity testing

A

mass miss biological variabilities

ANBI 110 (5 decks)

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