Module 3 Flashcards
Animal ethics
concerned with why certain conduct is considered right/wrong in the human animal relationship
Animal ethics argues that animals have ‘_____ status’
moral
5 views about humanity’s duties to animals
-Contractarian
-Utilitarian
-Animal Rights
-Contextual
-Respect for nature
Contractarianism define and example
animals have no moral standing, we are free to use animals in any way we want, should treat animals well because it is our best interest.
- take cow of the cow or else you won’t have food
Utilitarianism
acceptable to use/exploit animals as long as: suffering is not present or minimal, you can’t get the same results without animals, and animals are provided with adequate resources
Animal rights view
Animals have rights independent of humans. It is wrong to use animals… even as companions
Contextual approach define and example
believes that the main 3 views are too restrictive. focuses on the fact that human animal relationships vary depending on the species in question.
-bond is stronger with pets than wild animals so we only need to provide vet care, food, shelter ect for pets
Respect for nature view define and example
consideration in respect to loss of species (is losing the species going to hurt us?)
- the whale going extinct won’t care because it does not understand what is happening and will be dead so we also should not care
5 freedoms
-freedom from thirst, hunger, or malnutrition
-freedom from discomfort
-freedom from pain, injury, or disease
-freedom of normal behaviour
-freedom from fear and distress
the 5 freedoms are defined in ___
law
3 circles
-basic health and functioning
-affective states (how something feels)
-natural living ability
How do sow crates break 5 freedoms? what is the benefit?
normal behaviour (cant move freely). This protects sows from aggression.
How do conventional cages break 5 freedoms? what is the benefit?
normal behaviour (limited space and movement). allows for control of individual nutrition, minimizes injury, allows for specific bird treatment
legal killing methods
captive-bolt pistols (bleeding out)
stunning with electric current (bleeding out)
CO2 sedation (bleeding out)
who regulates the use of animals for teaching and research at usask? what do they question?
U of S Animal Care Committee
evaluate if the work is safe for the animals and if it is worth doing (can you teach using videos or other methods?)
What is the first domesticated species? when were they domesticated
dogs
14,000 years ago
when did domestication of farm animals begin?
8,000 - 12,000 years ago
First people- animal relationship. how did they treat animals?
hunter-gatherers. they saw animals as a tool and followed them rather than confining them
When was early domestication? how did they control animal?
8,000 BC
found some animals were more productive than others
used hobbled and herding rather than fences
When was later early domestication? which civilizations and practices did this include?
2,000 BC - 2,000
had mixed farming practices with large ruminants for labour and smaller animals for food
How did aristotle experiment on animals. what is an example of this?
vivisection. taking shell off egg to look in
what happens in the 1st century?
romans invent ploughs. most prominent evidence of domestication
when was the dark ages period? what was it like for animals?
5th-15th century
humans were reliant on animals (used for everything)
art showed animal importance
were kept as pets
animals could be punished in a court of law like a human
Examples of dark ages vivisection
500 BC - learned optic nerve by cutting it
16th century - importance of blood/circulation
nasty time to be an animal, everything dome without sedation
what was the anti-vivisection movement arguments?
pain would cause the body to behave different (inaccurate data)
decartes argues that animals had no true mind
how did the 16th century change animals physically?
animals increased in size as breeding and being more selective started
how was the 18th century for animals?
industrial revolution meant alot of work
what did the 19/20th century mean for animals? what was the name of the ranch we talked about in class?
animals were very much being used for production
the 76 ranch was a massive operation spanning regina to calgary
what book in the 1960s pushed for farm animal welfare? why is this important today?
Ruth harrison- Animal machines
brought veal crates, gestation crates, and laying hen cages into the forefront and is a foundation for them being outlawed in many areas today
how is animal treatment today?
improving at all times with research and more restrictions
main focus on the sustainable production and animal welfare connection
3 R’s in animal use for research
Replacement
reduction
refinement
what does the Canada wildlife act do?
prohibits harmful acts towards wildlife without a permit
what is the legislation for animal sport? who enforces?
some legislation is in place varies by industry
Fish and Wildlife conservation act
18-65 require fishing licence
everyone requires hunting licence
\
how are pets monitored?
they are considered property
some regulations
authorities can intervene in welfare situations
what are the concerns of ecotourism?
animal welfare,
seek out “good zoos” ie) unreleasable animals
What does the Canadian Agricultural Youth Council do?
asks as a cultulting body for food and ag industry topics
what do CAYC co chairs do
work on topics in four areas
-food security
-climate change/sustainability
-ag careers
-ag education
what ratio of canadian jobs ar in the AGBIO indusry
1 in 8 jobs
how many more job opportunities than ag graduates are there?
2.3 million
how many unfilled ag jobs are expected by 2029
123,000
how to get involved in the industry
apply CYAC 2023/2024
join professional associations
find ways to be informed
what does the canadian criminal code prohibit when talking about animals?
anyone willfully causing animals to suffer from neglect, pain, or injury
who do the National Farm Animal Care Council Codes of Practice apply to? what is it’s objective?
everyone with 1+ of the animals in question
coordinate national farm animal welfare standards
What is the basis for National Farm Animal Care Council Codes of Practice?
consensus based and science informed
7 steps to code development
- national industry group initiates
- scientists nominated to sit on scientific committee
- science board reviewed papers on targeted issues
- Science committee chair reports their document to code committee
- Code committee drafts code (involved people have imput)
- Final Draft submitted to NFACC (public comment period)
- Comments read and taken into consideration
How many papers/issues does the science committee review?
3-6 issues
~250 papers
How many comments did the beef, pig, and poultry meat codes get?
beef 300+
pig 3000+
poultry 6000+
How long did the poultry meat code take to fully complete?
5ish years
What do the requires practices in code mean
the “have to’s”
enforceable under fed/prov regulations
corrective actions can be taken
What do the recommended practices in the code mean?
the “should do’s”
encourage better husbandry
is the codes of practice a legal document?
no but they can be used as evidence in criminal proceedings
what is act 1 of german animal welfare act
noone may cause animal pain/suffering/harm without good reason
what is act 17 of german animal welfare act
-killing vertebrate without good reason or causing a vertebrate considerable pin or suffering out of cruelty or repeated pain/suffering is punishable up to 3 years prison or by fine
what is a “good reason”
depends on ration between advantages and disadvantages from human perspective
2 types of livestock legal requirements in germany
EU requirement
national requirement
tierschutz-nutztierhaltungsverordnung
“german livestock requirements”
covers EU+ requirements.
regulation for production animal keeping
what do tierschutz-nutztierhaltungsverordnung say
-education to own feed animals
-husbandry
-handling/documentation
-some transport
what are some species that dont fall under tierschutz-nutztierhaltungsverordnung? why?
beef cattle, sheep, turkeys
smaller industries
Ethology
study of animal behaviour from an evolutionary perspective
Applied ethology
study of domestic animal behaviour
four categories of Nikolaas Tinbergen questions
-what mechanisms cause the behaviour
-how does the behaviour change over a lifetime
-what is the behaviours survival value
-how has the behaviour evolved
does studying wild behaviour help us understand domestic behaviour?
yes, it can show is natural behaviour and what we may be taking away
7 aspects of behaviour
learning
imprinting
play
genetics
sexual
parental
personality
2 characteristics of imprinting
must happen in early time frame from birth
irreversable
what makes imprinting stronger?
movement
due to tracking and catching attention
4 purposes of play behaviour
social development
agility/balance
muscle development
brain development
example of behaviour being in genetics
border collies having strong herd behaviour
3 restrictions for trait evolution
variation between individuals
heritable behavior
behaviours providing select advantages
monogamous
long term bonds
both parent
polygynous
males compete for females
females parent
harems
groups of females with a single male to defend them
wild turkeys
polyandrous
one female multiple males
ultimate goal of sexual behaviour
produce offspring
pass on genes
immediate goals of sexual behaviour
social
endorphins
4 criteria for parental bond
between special related individuals
early time in life
special locations
special cost benefit for survival
altricial
little to no ability of young to look after themselves off the start
rabbit
precocial
significant ability to take care of self off the start
sea turtle
what is personality impacted by?
genes
environment
