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ANBI 110 > Module 5/6 > Flashcards

Module 5/6 Flashcards

1
Q

Extensive Livestock production

A

-minimized inputs
-non confined
-minimal handling

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2
Q

Intensive Livestock production

A

-Significant inputs (buildings/equipment)
-Confinement
-Nutrient dense diets

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3
Q

What % of the world’s ag land is not suitable for crops

A

65%

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4
Q

Sectors of Canadian Beef Production

A

-Cow calf production
-backgrounding/stocker
-feedlot/finishing
-packing
-retail

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5
Q

Cow calf production

A

Birth- 5 months
pasture and rangeland

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6
Q

Backgrounding/stocker

A

5-8/9 months
Forage/pasture diet

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7
Q

Feedlot/Finishing

A

Intensive production
Concentrated diets

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8
Q

Packing

A

Primarily feedlot with some pasture
intensive

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9
Q

Retail

A

Consumer focus
dictates beef industry

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10
Q

Cow

A

Mature female over 3 yrs

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11
Q

Heifer

A

Young female less than 3 yrs

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12
Q

Bull

A

Sexually mature uncastrated male

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13
Q

Steer

A

Castrated male

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14
Q

Calf

A

Birth to 5 months of age

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15
Q

Canadian Beef cow population
Saskatchewan population

A

3.56 million
1.06 million

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16
Q

Breeding length

A

42 d

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17
Q

Pregnant and lactating length

A

123 d

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18
Q

Dry and pregnant length

A

160 d

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19
Q

Post Partum interval length

A

40 d

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20
Q

British beef breeds and size

A

Angus
hereford
medium frame

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21
Q

Continental beef breeds and size

A

Charolais
Simmental
Limousin
Large frame

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22
Q

Hybrid Vigor

A

performance in offspring greater than genetic potential of parents performance

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23
Q

Factors to choose breed

A

Climate
feed supply
market demand
personal preference

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24
Q

Beef production is an ____ market

A

open

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25
Q

Sow

A

mature female pig

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26
Q

Gilt

A

immature female pig before 2nd pregnancy

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27
Q

Boar

A

Mature male pig

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28
Q

Barrow

A

castrated male pig

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29
Q

Piglet

A

neonatal pig before weaning

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30
Q

farrowing

A

sow giving birth to piglets

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31
Q

What percent of canadian pigs are produced in sask

A

8.5%

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32
Q

Canada produces ___% of worlds pork

A

less than 2%

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33
Q

Trend in pork production industry

A

less farms, more pigs/farm

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34
Q

Swine breeding method

A

almost all AI

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35
Q

Swine gestation

A

3 months 3 weeks 3 days

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36
Q

sows wear electronic ear tags to provide

A

daily feed allowance

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37
Q

Average size of swine litter

A

15 piglets

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38
Q

Early piglet immunity

A

very low
need colostrum in first 6 hours

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39
Q

How many teats does a sow have

A

usually 12

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40
Q

Swine weaning age and practices

A

21 d
abruptly moved to nursery.

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41
Q

Grow-finish age

A

starts at 5 w
housed in large groups
ready for market at 15 weeks

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42
Q

Canada is #__ for dairy production worldwide

A

20

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43
Q

Most common dairy breed in canada

A

Holstein

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44
Q

In _-__% there is insufficient calcium causing…

A

3-10%
Muscle tremors
staggering
lying flat on sides
heart failure
death

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45
Q

Colostrum gives ______ immunity

A

passive

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46
Q

Dairy pregnancy length

A

283 d

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47
Q

Dairy lactation length

A

305 d

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48
Q

quota

A

licence to produce product

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49
Q

quota limits

A

national marketing agency determines production amounts for each province

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50
Q

Supply management guarantees ___________ prices

A

minimum

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51
Q

Supply management _____________ tariffs

A

increases

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52
Q

Criticisms of quota

A

makes product expensive
causes trade issues
barrier of entry to young farmers

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53
Q

Beef cattle have __ stomach compartments. the largest is the _____

A

4
rumen

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54
Q

how many countries does canada export beef to

A

70

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55
Q

Specialized canadian beef industry climate

A

cold dry winter
warm summer

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56
Q

Beef cattle weaning age

A

5/6 months

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57
Q

Target average daily gain

A

1.5-2 lbs/d

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58
Q

What nutrients are beef producers concerned with?

A

energy
protein
mineral
vitamin
water

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59
Q

CCIA factors

A

animal identification
premise identification
animal movement

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60
Q

Cattle breeds variation

A

carcass quality
behaviour
frame size
feed efficiency

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61
Q

beef calf sale options

A

auction mart
internet/video sales
forward contract
feedlot

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62
Q

Broiler

A

meat chicken

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63
Q

Layer

A

egg chicken

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64
Q

rooster

A

male chicken

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65
Q

tom

A

male turkey

66
Q

hen

A

female turkey/chicken

67
Q

Why is chicken the largest consumed meat worldwide?

A

less expensive
healthier than red meat
less religious affiliation

68
Q

_____ is the only country in the world that uses supply management for poultry

A

Canada

69
Q

When was poultry supply management implemented in Can

A

1972

70
Q

Requirements of supply management

A

production quota
being a producer
import control
pricing mechanisms

71
Q

Advantages of supply management

A

steady income
steady supply
better welfare

72
Q

disadvantages of supply management

A

product is pricier for consumers
producers must buy quota to start in the industry

73
Q

are breeds regulated in Canada?

A

yes

74
Q

Avian Influenza

A

viral infection impacting wild and domestic birds
wild can be carriers
can wipe out flocks

75
Q

Broiler enclosed barn features

A

lighting systems
ventilation system
feeding system and scales
watering system
extensive management

76
Q

Hatchery requirements

A

technical requirements
optimum temp maintenance
incubators
hatchers
ventillation
isolation

77
Q

what is a poultry grow out farm

A

feedlot for chickens
large open rooms
control feed and environment

78
Q

Poultry age when ready for market

A

~35 d

79
Q

how are birds transported to processing

A

modular crates

80
Q

turn around time of poultry

A

~8 weeks

81
Q

Chicken feed conversion ratio

A

1.5 kg feed to 1.0 kg weight gain

82
Q

Onset of lay age

A

~19 weeks

83
Q

when is maximum rate of lay reached. when is it too low that the birds are retired

A

32-35 weeks (95%)
72 weeks (65%)

84
Q

average egg production

A

296 eggs / year

85
Q

by ____ traditional cage system is no longer legal

A

2032

86
Q

Advantages of traditional cages

A

reduced agression and canabalism
fewer injuries

87
Q

Disadvantages of traditional cages

A

restricting movement
reduce enrichment

88
Q

7 market cuts of pork

A

ribs
belly(bacon)
butt
loin
picnic
ham
carcass

89
Q

__% of Canadas pork is exported

A

70%

90
Q

CPE (canadian pork excellence) programs

A

PigSAFE food safety assurance
PigCARE animal care assurance
PigTRACE national swine traceability

91
Q

5 pig breeds and what their good for

A

Yorkshire- good breeding and FCR
landrace- Good mother, lean carcass
duroc- feed efficient and good carcass
hampshire- NOT USED ANYMORE pale soft drippy pork
lacombe- NOT USED ANYMORE fattier

92
Q

Suckling piglet birth weight and suckling length

A

~1kg
17-27 d

93
Q

Right and left ear notching significance

A

right=litter #
left= piglet #

94
Q

Why are tails docked in swine

A

prevent tail biting

95
Q

Why castrate in swine

A

prevent boar taint
smell that only asian and women can taste (foul)

96
Q

__% of pigs born go to market

A

95%

97
Q

Swine market weight goal

A

120-130kg

98
Q

Pig production cycle

A

Breeding,farrowing,weaning, nursery,grow-finish,market(5-6months)
(can go to replacements after weaning)

99
Q

Batch farrowing

A

sows carried through mating and farrowing at the same time

100
Q

Continuous farrowing

A

constant breeding/farrowing based on individuals cycles

101
Q

Open herd

A

animals coming and going

102
Q

Closed herd

A

no animals coming in

103
Q

Nucleus herd

A

closed herd
grandparent herd

104
Q

Swine health is preserved through…

A

isolation
sanitation
traffic control
herd health management
program maintenance

105
Q

what makes aquaculture nutrition unique

A

Diverse omega 3 fatty acids, bioavailable micronutrients (very digestible)

106
Q

In 2020 capture fisheries were __% and aquaculture was __% of global aquatic production

A

Capture 51%
Aquaculture 49%

107
Q

Non food uses of aquaculture

A

Pet food
Supplements
Fish food

108
Q

Aquatic protein makes up __% of animal protein and _% of overall protein

A

17%
7%

109
Q

Aquacultures role in food production has grown from _% in 1960s to __% in 2010

A

6% 50%

110
Q

Considerations when talking about weight of aquaculture produced

A

Inedible vs edible portions
Quality effectively eaten vs food available to be consumed

111
Q

Classifications of fish

A

Shellfish (Crustacean (shrimp), Mollusk (Bivalve (clam), Univalve (snail), Cephalopod (squid)))
Finish (fresh/salt water (lean/fatty))

112
Q

How does algae play into the aquaculture food chain

A

Provides sustainable food source

113
Q

Who regulates aquaculture in Canada

A

Department of fisheries and oceans (DFO)

114
Q

What is Canadas highest aquaculture volume by species?

A

Salmon

115
Q

Types of aqua-culturing (6)

A

Freshwater net pen
Land based system
Bottom culture in intertidal zones
Long line
Net pen
Bottom culture in subtitle zones

116
Q

Sask aquaculture input

A

Trout producer
More impact when it comes to grain industry and feeding the fish

117
Q

Correlation between extensive/intensive aquaculture and its environmental impact

A

Intensive high extensive low

118
Q

Environmental considerations of aquaculture (6)

A

Reliance on fish to feed fish
Drugs/chemicals can impact natural species
Escaped fish can breed with natural fish
Fish waste and extra food pollute natural environment
Predators can become entangled in nets
Parasites and disease are more common due to crowding (can spread to natural species)

119
Q

What do farms use to reduce water needed for land based systems

A

RAW (Recirculation aquatic water system)

120
Q

What is integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

A

Combines different species on the food web

121
Q

Dual purpose milking and beef breed

A

Milking shorthorn

122
Q

what makes jersey milk special

A

high butterfat and protein content

123
Q

who controls milk quota in sask

A

saskmilk

124
Q

2 major dairy provinces

A

ontario and quebec

125
Q

How many days is a dairy cow in milk

A

305-320

126
Q

First lactation milk/day

A

28kg/d

127
Q

second lactation milk/day

A

33kg/d

128
Q

forth lactation milk/day

A

40kg/d

129
Q

average age for culling dairy cows

A

4-5 yrs

130
Q

reasons for culling dairy cattle

A

biological (disease, infertility)
economic (low milk)

131
Q

why are most dairy cows culled?

A

infertility

132
Q

average dairy culling rate

A

32%

133
Q

When does peak lactation happen

A

60-90 d after calving

134
Q

the udder has _ mammary glands that operate ______

A

4
independently

135
Q

Milk secreting cells

A

alveolus

136
Q

Milking systems (3)

A

parlour
tie stall
robotic

137
Q

Milking principles

A

consistency
stress free
cleanliness

138
Q

Hormone that controls milk let down

A

oxytocin

139
Q

milk composition

A

85% water
3% fat
3.5% protein
4.5% lactose
0.7% minerals

140
Q

2 factors that impact dairy profitability

A

production level
composition of milk

141
Q

Factors affecting milk yield (5)

A

genetics
feed/water intake/quality
environment
disease
age/size of cow

142
Q

Most common feed method in dairy

A

Total mixed ration
(blend of all diet nutrients)

143
Q

Closest living wild relative of dogs

A

gray wolf

144
Q

dogs domestication date

A

20000 yrs ago

145
Q

How did dogs begin to be domesticated

A

adopted wolf puppies
became useful hunting partners
may have observed wolves hunting and adopted practices

146
Q

dog breed groups (4)

A

ancient
herding
other
giant (molossus)

147
Q

Why were cats domesticated?

A

just kinda chose to be around humans and were not harming humans so they stuck around

148
Q

where were cats domesticated

A

fertile crescent

149
Q

where were cats taken inside the home

A

ancient eqypt

150
Q

what is special about blotched tabby cats

A

recessive mutation
does not occur in wild

151
Q

Psychological benefits of pets

A

companionship (reduce anxiety, depression, and loneliness)
indirect social interaction (pet parents becoming friends)

152
Q

_____ equus evolved in north america but dissapeared _________ to go to eurasia

A

1 million years ago
11000 years ago

153
Q

Original interaction with horses

A

hunting for food

154
Q

when were horses starting to be raised in captivity

A

5500-6000 years ago

155
Q

what did horses need to be domesticated and what was the human benefit

A

need to be: calm, submissive, people friendly
Used for: meat, milk

156
Q

Benefits of using horses

A

increased mobility and hauling capability
dispersal of culture, goods, and technology

157
Q

Y chromosome trends in horses

A

shows little variation

158
Q

Colour impacts on horses

A

easier to hunt
some disease/mutation affects

159
Q

Targets of hourse domestication

A

learning ability
social behaviour
muscle and limb development

160
Q

breed effects

A

decrease genetic diversity
increase inbreeding
increase genetic load

161
Q

Selective breeding adverse affects

A

small size–> dwarfism
heavily muscle–> hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
speed–> fragility

ANBI 110 (5 decks)

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