Module 7.17 Flashcards
Whose decision is final when manoeuvring an aircraft?
The person towing or taxiing
What is the most common max nose wheel steering angle?
+/- 70 degrees
If nose wheel steering is not available how may the aircraft be steered?
Differential use of the left and right brakes
When towing an aircraft from the tail wheel, what must be done?
Unlocked the wheel
What loads are towbars designed for?
Tensile
What forces are towbars subjected to?
Torsional/twisting loads
What prevents excessive loads between tractor and nose gear?
Sheer pin
What is incorporated into the tow bar to stop a snatching movement transmitted into the aircraft?
Shock absorber system
What do multi head attachments allow?
Operators can swap head to accommodate a variety of aircraft
How does a towbar-less tug operate?
Lifts the nose wheel of the ground by hydraulic actuators
Where are remote control tugs generally seen?
On smaller aircraft
What are remote control tugs ideal for?
Increased parking in hangars as there is no tractor and towbar length added to the aircraft size
If towing attachments are not provided how must the bridles be attached?
Passed around the legs in a position that avoids fowling pipes or structures
How should the aircraft be steering in bridle towing?
Via a steering arm attached to the nose wheel
If an aircrafts brake system is faulty what must personnel have?
Chocks to stop aircraft in an emergency
What are the 2 most common aircraft jacks?
Tripod and axle jacks
What will help the jacking team to tell the aircraft is supported equally?
Load gauges
What stops the rams from moving in the event of hydraulic failure?
Locking collars
When lifting or lowering where must the locking collar be?
1 inch from the top of the jack
When would an axle jack be used?
When it is not necessary to lift the whole aircraft
What is the purpose of jacking pads?
Protect airframe from the jack
What do secondary jack points require?
Installation of jack pad adapters
When is a tie down ring used when jacking light aircraft?
2 jacks under wing spars, the ring is used at the tail
What must be done to the other axels when jacking at a single point?
Sufficiently chock them
What should be the first operation when lowering an aircraft?
Raise the locking collars a few turns
Why must jack be moved clear immediately once away from jack pads?
In class the Oleos are stuck in the extended position and can bounce the aircraft
What is shoring also known as?
Trestling
What does shoring do?
Relives the stresses on the aircraft whilst doing maintenance
Where are trestles often put during heavy maintenance?
Tail section under major frames
Shoring trestles should never be used to what?
Jack the aircraft
What are some aircraft equipped with to ensure the aircraft is level during jacking?
Spirit level an/or plumb bob
What position is level in an attitude monitor?
D4
What are chocks used in addition to?
Aircraft parking brakes
What should be done to the chocks prior to refuelling or engine start?
They should be moved out ‘eased’ to allow for extra weight
What chapter would guidance on mooring/securing be found?
ATA 10
What determines the direction the aircraft is secured in?
Prevailing wind or forecasted wind direction
What are light aircraft secured with?
Ropes through tie down rings
Where must the ropes never be tied?
Lift struts
How much slack must be given to manila rope?
1 inch
What governs the number of tie downs on securing heavy aircraft?
Anticipated weather conditions
What must be installed/engaged on heavy aircraft?
Control surface locks
If aircraft is parked for a long period in cold conditions what is one thing that must be done?
Drain water systems
Where should protection devices be installed on the APU and engines?
Outlet and inlet, sensors and probes
What should be done to inform of protection covers/devices?
Tag on captains stick
What chapter is parked and storage outlined in?
ATA 10
What does the return to service after parking up to 2 days consist of?
- Removal of safety devices and planks
- Reset deactivated systems
- Visual for damage and leaks
Does the 2 day inspection procedures still take place on return to service of more than 2 days?
Yes
How often should visual inspections take place when storing for extended periods?
7 and 15 day intervals
What position must the trimmable horizontal stab be in?
Neutral
For long storage what state should fuel tanks be in and why?
Full to prevent micro-biological corrosion
Periodically moving the aircraft prevents what?
Bearing brinelling and tyre flattening
What can be mixed in with fuel to prevent corrosion?
Inhibitors
What period of time must tire pressures be checked?
If aircraft is parked longer than 20 months
What intervals are there for checking the aircraft in storage?
- Weekly
- Bi-weekly
- Monthly
Moving of the aircraft and checking oleo pressure should be done how often?
Bi-weekly
What should be done to the battery when parked for a long periods?
Removed or disconnected
What are the 4 checks done on a one month check?
- Opening cargo door and re-grease
- Operate aircon
- Testing avionics
- Test ice protection systems
What are the 2 main aviation fuel categories?
- Aviation gasoline
- Turbine fuels
How is av gas graded?
Octane number
What does a higher number mean in AV Gas?
The higher the number the more resistant to knocking
80 AV gas is what colour?
Red
100 AV gas is what colour?
Green
100LL AV gas is what colour?
Blue
All turbine fuels are what colour?
Colourless or light straw
What are the 3 types of turbine fuels?
- Jet A
- Jet A-1
- Jet B
What are the 2 refuelling methods?
- Gravity/overwing
- Pressure refuelling
Where are gravity refuelling points typically located?
Top of the tank i.e. on the wing
Where is the receptacle for pressure refuelling?
Leading edge of wing
What are the benefits to pressure refuelling?
- Decrease refuel time
- Limits contamination
- Reduce chance of static electricity igniting the fuel
How many operatives does pressure refuelling require?
1 person
What is the max refuel pressure?
50 psi
What is the rate of delivery?
1000 gallons a minute
What is the max defuel pressure?
11 psi
How can the aircraft be defueled?
- Gravity
- Pressure
What does gravity refuelling drain into?
An earthed container
What are the 2 methods of pressure de-fuelling?
Utilise negative pressure or aircraft pumps
What can’t be done with fuel drained from an aircraft?
Can NOT be used on another aircraft
Why should company procedure be consulted regarding this issue (Fuel not being allowed to be put in another aircraft after being removed from one)?
Some companies may give concession to put the fuel into another one of their aircraft or the same one
Static electricity can build up during refuelling but more so in what conditions?
Cold and Dry weather
What can a static discharge cause?
A spark
What should be done to the aircraft before refuelling?
Grounding, grounding the fuel truck must also be done
How may a grounding point be identified?
A placard
What does bonding do?
Consistent electricity flow between truck and aircraft, stops sparks
What must the safety zones include?
An escape route for the vehicle
What occurs when a tank is overfilled?
Fuel spills into the vent tank, each tank has a NACA duct to spill it onto the ground
When would fuelling be suspended?
When electrical storms are in the vicinity
When would an aircraft be in a cold soak config?
Parked in cold weather with the Outside Air Temp (OAT) of less than 0 degrees c
What can occur if the fuel is below 0 and the aircraft is subject to precipitation?
Clear ice can form on the wing, even if OAT is as high as 15 degrees c
What temperature range does most airframe icing occur?
0 to -10 degrees c
Ice formation is still possible down to what temp?
-40 degrees c
What is ice formation also dependant on?
Cloud cover
What are some effects of ice on airframes?
- Decrease in lift
- Increase in drag
- Malfunction of instruments
- Loss of control
What is de-icing?
Removal of frost, ice, snow from aircraft structures
How are de-icing fluids applied?
Heated
What is anti-icing?
Procedure that prevents the formation of ice or frost for a limited time
What is the time period that anti-icing prevents formation called?
Holdover time
What us the one step method for de-icing and anti-icing?
De-icing and anti-icing are mixed together and applied
What is the one step methods drawback?
Limited anti-icing protection
What is the two step method of de-icing and anti-icing?
De-ice followed by anti-ice
What must not replace physical checks for ice?
Electrical or mechanical detectors
How should critical surfaces be inspected for ice?
By hand
How should engines be pre-heated?
Blower heaters
If the aircraft is wet after flight what should be done to the covers?
Apply anti-freeze to the underside of the covers
What should be done if the aircraft arrives at the gate with the flap and slats not fully retracted?
Inspected and de-iced if necessary
Type 1 fluids are considered what?
Unthickened
Type 2 fluids are used for what aircraft and why?
Large aircraft, won’t flow off until 100 knots
When are type 3 fluids used?
Rotation speed of less than 100 knots
What is a benefit to type 4 fluids?
Larger holdover time than type 2
How are de-icing fluids applied?
Heated through a high pressure spray system
How is anti-icing fluid applied?
Sprayed on cold
How quick after de-icing must anti-icing be applied?
Within 3 minutes
What can be added to anti-icing fluid to vary holdover time?
Water
What are the typical spray areas for anti-icing?
Top surfaces (fore to aft and outboard to inboard)
What areas must be avoided for anti-icing?
Brakes and wheelsWhat can affect holdover time?
AEA type 2 / 75 / 16.43 local
1 2 3
1 - Type of fluid
2 - 75% fluid, 25% water
3 - Time of start of application
What is the DC supply of an aircraft?
28V
How many pins does a DC supply plug have?
3
What does each pin do on a DC connecter?
One negative
One positive
One earth
What is the SC supply for the aircraft?
115V AC, 400Hz, 3 phase
How should the GPU be parked?
Lead is extended full length out, not stretched
How many pins does an AC plug have?
6 pins
When are engine driven GPU’s useful?
Non-operational APU
How many aircraft turn arounds can a battery powered GPU do?
10 - 12
What is a utility GPU?
It takes standard grid electric and converts it to aircraft compatible electric
What must the hydraulic test rig supply?
Same pressure and low rate as aircraft
What couplings are used to connect to the aircraft?
Quick disconnect
What may the rig require before use?
Bleeding of air
What should be done after using the test rig?
Check reservoir levels (rig and aircraft)
What psi do pneumatic ground systems provide?
Up to 50 psi
What do pneumatic ground systems do?
Can be used to start engines and heat and cool aircraft
What does the can’t consist of?
An APU
What should be done to an aircraft exposed to extreme cold for any length of time?
Fit covers to prevent snow build up
What should small tags be marked with so they are taken off?
Markers/tags i.e. remove before flight
Why would glycol be painted around doors or panels?
To prevent freezing shut
When should painting with glycol not be done and why?
If snow is expected because it causes slush
To save time what can wheels be parked on?
Planks or sand
Flaps slats and THS should be in what position?
Neutral
What temp of air to heat external skin is safe?
<100 degrees c
What additional protection is required in sandy and dusty areas?
Blanks and covers always and window transparencies my be required
What is done to the air con systems in sandy and dusty conditions?
Extra filtration
What additional spares must be held due to reduced life?
Seals, filters and bearings
Where must maintenance activities take place in sandy and dusty conditions?
Under cover
What chapter outlines where maintenance should take place in sandy and dusty conditions?
ATA 5
What effect does hot weather have on the aircraft?
- Longer take off + landing distances
- Slower brake cooling
- Engine overheating in start-up
What does humidity cause?
Corrosion
What occurs more hot/humid conditions?
Fuel tank condensation
What do all pins do in AC do?
- 3, big for each phase
- 4th, for earthing
- 5 and 6, DC control pins
Does scheduled maintenance continue on a parked aircraft?
Yes
