Module 7 Test

Question 1

Muckrakers

Answer 1

Investigative journalists of the Progressive Era who exposed corruption and social injustices; the term was coined by President Theodore Roosevelt.

Question 2

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

Answer 2

A muckraking novel that exposed unsanitary and inhumane conditions in the meatpacking industry, spurring food safety reforms.

Question 3

Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil

Answer 3

A journalist whose detailed exposé of Standard Oil’s monopolistic practices helped fuel antitrust reforms.

Question 4

Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lived

Answer 4

A photographic and written account highlighting the deplorable living conditions of New York City’s urban poor.

Question 5

Expanding Democracy

Answer 5

An effort to make government more responsive to the people through reforms that increased voter power and reduced corruption.

Question 6

Secret ballots (to fight machines)

Answer 6

A voting method ensuring voter privacy to counter political machine corruption and voter intimidation.

Question 7

17th amendment – direct election of senators

Answer 7

An amendment that shifted the election of U.S. senators from state legislatures to a direct vote by the people.

Question 8

18th amendment – Prohibition (Anti-Saloon League, American Temperance Society)

Answer 8

An amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol, influenced by temperance organizations.

Question 9

19th amendment (1920) – women’s suffrage

Answer 9

An amendment granting women the right to vote, marking a major victory in the struggle for women’s rights.

Question 10

Initiative

Answer 10

A process allowing voters to propose legislation directly when lawmakers ignore important issues.

Question 11

Referendum

Answer 11

A procedure that lets citizens vote directly on whether to adopt or reject laws passed by the legislature.

Question 12

Recall

Answer 12

A mechanism permitting voters to remove elected officials from office before their term ends if they are deemed corrupt or ineffective.

Question 13

Niagara Movement – W.E.B. DuBois

Answer 13

A civil rights group founded in 1905 by W.E.B. DuBois and others, advocating for full civil rights and an end to racial discrimination.

Question 14

NAACP

Answer 14

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, established to fight for civil rights and equality for African Americans.

Question 15

Square Deal & Anthracite Coal Strike

Answer 15

Roosevelt’s domestic policy focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses, illustrated by his intervention in the Anthracite Coal Strike.

Question 16

“Trust buster” – Sherman Antitrust Act, good vs. bad trusts

Answer 16

Refers to Roosevelt’s use of the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies, distinguishing between harmful and benign business practices.

Question 17

Consumer protection – Pure Food & Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act

Answer 17

Legislation enacted to ensure the safety and quality of food and drugs, protecting consumers from unsafe products.

Question 18

Conservation – Forest Reserve Act (1891)

Answer 18

Policy initiatives aimed at preserving natural resources by establishing forest reserves and protecting public lands.

Question 19

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (July 1914)

Answer 19

The killing of the Austro-Hungarian heir, an event that triggered a chain reaction leading to World War I.

Question 20

Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France) [Allies] vs. Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) [Central Powers]

Answer 20

The two major alliance systems in World War I that divided European powers into opposing camps.

Question 21

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 21

The U.S. President during World War I, known for his idealistic Fourteen Points and efforts to create a League of Nations.

Question 22

1915: Sinking of the Lusitania by Germans

Answer 22

The torpedoing of a British passenger liner by a German submarine, which increased anti-German sentiment and pushed neutral countries toward war.

Question 23

German unrestricted submarine warfare

Answer 23

A naval strategy in which Germany targeted all ships, including civilian vessels, in designated war zones during World War I.

Question 24

Interception of the Zimmerman Telegram

Answer 24

The discovery of a secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the U.S., which inflamed American public opinion.

Question 25

American Expeditionary Forces (led by John J. Pershing)

Answer 25

The U.S. military forces sent to Europe during World War I under General Pershing to support the Allied effort.

Question 26

November 11, 1918: Treaty of Versailles

Answer 26

The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing severe reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Question 27

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Answer 27

A set of principles proposed by President Wilson aimed at establishing a just and lasting peace after World War I.

Question 28

Freedom of the seas, self-determination of nations, League of Nations

Answer 28

Key principles of Wilson’s Fourteen Points advocating open navigation, national self-governance, and international cooperation, even though the U.S. never joined the League.

Question 29

Total War – full mobilization, war industry, Food Administration

Answer 29

A strategy involving the complete mobilization of a nation’s resources, including industry and agriculture, for the war effort.

Question 30

Restrictions of Civil Liberties

Answer 30

Limitations on individual freedoms enacted during wartime to suppress dissent and ensure national security.

Question 31

1917 Espionage Act & 1918 Sedition Act

Answer 31

Laws making it a crime to interfere with military operations or criticize the government during wartime, curbing free speech.

Question 32

Schenck vs. United States

Answer 32

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld restrictions on free speech during wartime, establishing the “clear and present danger” standard.

Question 33

Spanish flu

Answer 33

A devastating influenza pandemic in 1918 that caused widespread illness and death during the final year of World War I.

Question 34

Red Scare – anti-Communist sentiment after Russian Revolution (xenophobia)

Answer 34

A period of intense fear of communism in the U.S., leading to widespread suspicion, government crackdowns, and xenophobia.

Question 35

Palmer Raids & J. Edgar Hoover

Answer 35

Government actions during the Red Scare targeting suspected radicals and anarchists, coordinated by Attorney General Palmer and led by J. Edgar Hoover.

Question 36

Nativism → Emergency Quota Act (1921) & National Origins Act (1924)

Answer 36

Laws reflecting nativist attitudes that limited immigration by establishing quotas based on national origin.

Question 37

Sacco and Vanzetti case

Answer 37

A controversial trial of two immigrant anarchists in the 1920s that became a symbol of injustice influenced by nativism and anti-radical sentiment.

Question 38

Great Migration

Answer 38

The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North in search of better economic opportunities and to escape segregation.

Question 39

Poll taxes, literacy tests

Answer 39

Obstacles implemented primarily in the South to disenfranchise African American voters as part of Jim Crow policies.

Question 40

Tulsa Race Riots/Massacre (1921)

Answer 40

A violent racial conflict in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in which a prosperous Black community was attacked, resulting in numerous deaths and widespread destruction.

Question 41

Harlem Renaissance & New Negro

Answer 41

A cultural and artistic movement during the 1920s where African American writers, artists, and musicians celebrated Black identity and creativity.

Question 42

New Woman

Answer 42

A term describing the emerging modern, independent woman of the 1920s who embraced new freedoms in education, work, and social life.

Question 43

Eugenics

Answer 43

A set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of a population, often used to justify discriminatory policies.

Question 44

Black Tuesday – October 29, 1929

Answer 44

The day the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Question 45

Dust Bowl

Answer 45

A period of severe dust storms and ecological disaster in the Great Plains during the 1930s, worsened by drought and unsustainable farming.

Question 46

Hoovervilles

Answer 46

Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression, named derisively after President Hoover.

Question 47

Bonus Army

Answer 47

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of promised bonuses.

Question 48

FDR’s Fireside Chats

Answer 48

Informal radio addresses by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that communicated his policies directly to the American people.

Question 49

New Deal & Roosevelt’s Three R’s

Answer 49

The series of programs and reforms introduced by FDR to provide Relief, Recovery, and Reform during the Great Depression.

Question 50

Glass-Steagall Act (1933) & FDIC

Answer 50

Legislation that separated commercial and investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to safeguard bank deposits.

Question 51

Securities & Exchange Commission, Public Works Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, National Industrial Recovery Act, Social Security Act, Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Answer 51

A collection of New Deal agencies and laws aimed at economic recovery, financial regulation, job creation, and social welfare.

Question 52

Court packing plan

Answer 52

FDR’s unsuccessful proposal to expand the Supreme Court to obtain favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.

Question 53

Allied & Axis Powers; Pacific & European Theaters

Answer 53

The two opposing military alliances during World War II, with conflicts fought in both European and Pacific regions.

Question 54

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Answer 54

An international agreement signed in 1928 that attempted to renounce war as a national policy, though it lacked enforcement.

Question 55

Isolationism

Answer 55

A policy of avoiding foreign entanglements and conflicts, prevalent in U.S. foreign policy between the World Wars.

Question 56

America First Committee

Answer 56

An organization that advocated U.S. neutrality and opposed involvement in World War II before Pearl Harbor.

Question 57

Neutrality Acts; “cash-and-carry”

Answer 57

Legislation in the 1930s designed to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars by restricting arms sales and requiring cash payment for goods.

Question 58

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Answer 58

A policy that allowed the U.S. to supply Allied nations with war materials on credit during World War II, aiding their defense while remaining officially neutral.

Question 59

Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

Answer 59

A surprise military strike by Japan on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor that led directly to the U.S. entry into World War II.

Question 60

Island hopping

Answer 60

A military strategy in the Pacific during World War II, targeting specific enemy-held islands to gradually advance toward Japan.

Question 61

Tuskegee Airmen

Answer 61

The first African American military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps, noted for their exemplary service during World War II.

Question 62

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Answer 62

The Allied invasion of Normandy in World War II that marked a turning point by establishing a Western front against Nazi Germany.

Question 63

Holocaust

Answer 63

The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during World War II.

Question 64

Manhattan Project & Atomic Bombs

Answer 64

The secret U.S. project during World War II to develop nuclear weapons, culminating in atomic bombs dropped on Japan.

Question 65

Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945)

Answer 65

The Japanese cities devastated by the atomic bomb.