Module 5 Test Flashcards
What was the American Equal Rights Association?
The American Equal Rights Association, formed in 1866, was a group advocating for equal rights for all citizens, including women’s suffrage and the abolition of racial discrimination.
What was the American Party?
The American Party, also known as the Know-Nothing Party, was a nativist political party in the 1850s that opposed immigration and Catholic influence, focusing on restricting the rights of immigrants
What was the Battle of Antietam?
The Battle of Antietam, fought in 1862, was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, resulting in a tactical draw but giving President Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamatio
What was the Battle of Gettysburg?
The Battle of Gettysburg, fought in 1863, was a significant turning point in the Civil War, where Union forces repelled a Confederate invasion of the North, marking the Confederacy’s last major offensive into Union territory.
What was the Battle of Shiloh?
The Battle of Shiloh, fought in 1862, was a major early battle in the Civil War in Tennessee, where Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant won a costly victory over Confederate forces.
What were Black Codes?
Black Codes were laws passed in Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans, limiting their mobility, voting rights, and economic opportunities.
What was the California Gold Rush?
The California Gold Rush began in 1849 when gold was discovered in California, leading to a massive influx of people seeking wealth and contributing to California’s rapid admission to the Union.
What was a carpetbagger?
A carpetbagger was a derogatory term for Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, often for economic or political gain, particularly during the Reconstruction period.
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a law that prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, such as theaters and hotels, but it was poorly enforced and was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court.
What was the Compromise of 1850?
The Compromise of 1850 was a set of laws designed to resolve the dispute over slavery in new territories, including the Fugitive Slave Act and the admission of California as a free state.
What was the Compromise of 1877?
The Compromise of 1877 was an informal agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election, leading to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.
What was the Confederate States of America?
The Confederate States of America was a government formed by Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1861, with Jefferson Davis as its president, during the American Civil War.
What were the Confiscation Acts?
The Confiscation Acts were laws passed during the Civil War that allowed the Union to seize Confederate property, including enslaved people, and declare them free.
What were Copperheads?
Copperheads were Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and advocated for peace with the Confederacy, often criticizing Lincoln’s administration and war policies.
What was the Crittenden Plan?
The Crittenden Plan, proposed in 1860, was a series of constitutional amendments designed to protect slavery in Southern states and territories to avoid civil war, but it was ultimately unsuccessful.
What was the Dred Scott v. Sandford case?
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) was a Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, could not be U.S. citizens and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories.
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, declared all enslaved persons in Confederate-held territories to be free, changing the character of the Civil War.
What were the Enforcement Acts?
The Enforcement Acts (1870-1871), also known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts, were laws passed to protect African Americans’ rights to vote, hold office, and receive equal protection under the law.
Who were the Exodusters?
The Exodusters were African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas and other Western states in the late 1870s, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping racial violence.
What was Field Order Number 15?
Field Order Number 15, issued by General William Tecumseh Sherman in 1865, set aside land for freed African Americans on the Southern coast, but it was later revoked by President Andrew Johnson.
What was the Fifteenth Amendment?
The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, granted voting rights to all male citizens, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
What is filibuster?
A filibuster is a political strategy used in the U.S. Senate to delay or block a vote on a bill, often by giving long speeches or other tactics to prevent a final decision.
What was the First Battle of Bull Run?
The First Battle of Bull Run, fought in 1861, was the first major battle of the Civil War. The Confederate victory shattered the Union’s hopes for a quick war and indicated the war would be longer and more brutal than expected.
What were the Force Acts?
The Force Acts (1870-1871) were laws passed to combat the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups, enabling federal troops to intervene to protect the rights of African Americans in the South.
What was the Fourteenth Amendment?
The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people.
What was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793?
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a law that required the return of runaway slaves to their owners, even if they had escaped to a free state.
What was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850 and required that escaped slaves be returned to their masters even if they were found in free states, leading to widespread protests in the North.
What was the Gasden Purchase?
The Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was an agreement in which the U.S. bought land from Mexico (now part of Arizona and New Mexico) to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.
What was the Great Railway Strike of 1877?
The Great Railway Strike of 1877 was a nationwide strike in response to wage cuts and poor working conditions, marking the first major railroad strike in U.S. history, which led to violence and the intervention of federal troops.
What is habeus corpus?
Habeas corpus is a legal principle that protects individuals from unlawful detention, requiring authorities to justify a person’s imprisonment before a court.
What was the Homestead Act?
The Homestead Act of 1862 granted 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee, provided they improved the land by building a dwelling and cultivating crops, encouraging westward expansion.
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide by popular sovereignty whether they would permit slavery, leading to violent conflict known as “Bleeding Kansas.”
Who were the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan?
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), founded in 1865, was a white supremacist group that sought to intimidate and control African Americans and other minority groups, particularly in the South, through violence and terror.
What was the Liberty Party?
The Liberty Party was a political party founded in 1840 that opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, marking one of the first abolitionist political movements in the U.S.
What were the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a series of seven debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas over the issue of slavery, highlighting the growing national divide on the issue.
What was Manifest Destiny?
Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, often justifying the displacement of Native American tribes.
What was the Mexican-American War?
The Mexican-American War, fought from 1846 to 1848, resulted in the U.S. gaining vast territories, including California, Arizona, and New Mexico, following the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
What were the Military Reconstruction Acts?
The Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into military districts and required Southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment and grant voting rights to African Americans before being readmitted to the Union.
What was the National Women Suffrage Association?
The National Woman Suffrage Association, founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, worked for women’s rights, particularly the right to vote.
What was the Oregon Trail?
The Oregon Trail was a 2,000-mile route used by settlers traveling westward to Oregon in the 1840s and 1850s, particularly during the era of Manifest Destiny.
What was the Ostend Manifesto?
The Ostend Manifesto, issued in 1854, was a diplomatic document that outlined the U.S. government’s desire to acquire Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell it, but it was met with criticism and was ultimately abandoned.
What was the Panic of 1873?
The Panic of 1873 was a severe economic depression triggered by the collapse of the railroad industry and the banking system, leading to widespread unemployment and financial instability.
What was popular sovereignty?
Popular sovereignty was the concept that settlers in a territory should decide by vote whether to permit slavery, central to the debates around the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Who were the Radical Republicans?
Radical Republicans were a faction of the Republican Party during and after the Civil War who sought to grant full civil rights to freed slaves and punish the South for secession.
What was Reconstruction?
Reconstruction was the period following the Civil War (1865-1877) in which the federal government attempted to rebuild the Southern states, reintegrate them into the Union, and establish legal equality for African Americans.
What was the Republican Party?
The Republican Party, founded in 1854, was originally an anti-slavery party that opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and eventually became the party of Abraham Lincoln and the Union during the Civil War.
What was the role of Republicans during the Civil War?
During the Civil War, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, sought to preserve the Union, abolish slavery, and ensure equal rights for African Americans, which led to the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation.
What were Scalawags?
Scalawags were Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, often viewed as traitors by other Southerners for their alliance with the North.
What was the Second American Party System?
The Second American Party System, which existed from the 1820s to the 1850s, was characterized by the rivalry between the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, focusing on issues like slavery and states’ rights.
What was sharecropping?
Sharecropping was a system of agriculture in the post-Civil War South where landowners allowed tenant farmers, often freed African Americans, to use their land in exchange for a portion of the crops produced, often trapping workers in a cycle of debt.
What was Sherman’s March to Sea?
Sherman’s March to the Sea was a devastating Union military campaign led by General William Tecumseh Sherman from Atlanta to Savannah in 1864, aiming to cripple the Confederate economy by destroying infrastructure and supplies.
What was the Siege of Vicksburg?
The Siege of Vicksburg, lasting from May to July 1863, was a Union victory that gave the North control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two and weakening their war efforts.
What were the Slaughterhouse Cases?
The Slaughterhouse Cases were a series of Supreme Court decisions in 1873 that limited the scope of the 14th Amendment’s protections, ruling that the Amendment only applied to federal, not state, actions.
What was the Tenure of Office Act?
The Tenure of Office Act, passed in 1867, prohibited the president from removing certain officeholders without the Senate’s approval, leading to President Andrew Johnson’s impeachment.
What was the Thirteenth Amendment?
The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.
What was Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852, was an anti-slavery novel that galvanized Northern opposition to slavery and was instrumental in shaping public opinion leading up to the Civil War.
What was the Union?
The Union refers to the northern states that remained loyal to the federal government during the Civil War, fighting to preserve the United States and abolish slavery.
What was the Union League?
The Union League was an organization that supported the Republican Party during the Civil War, encouraging loyalty to the Union and advocating for civil rights for freed African Americans.
What was the Wade-Davis Bill
The Wade-Davis Bill, proposed in 1864, was a Congressional plan for Reconstruction that required a majority of a Southern state’s white male citizens to swear loyalty to the Union before rejoining, but it was vetoed by Lincoln.
What was the Women’s National Loyal League?
The Women’s National Loyal League, formed in 1863, was an organization of women who supported the Union and abolition, advocating for the end of slavery and the extension of civil rights to African Americans.
Who was Susan B. Anthony?
Susan B. Anthony was a leading figure in the women’s suffrage movement, advocating for women’s rights, including the right to vote, and co-founding the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Who was Clara Barton?
Clara Barton was a nurse during the Civil War who founded the American Red Cross and was instrumental in providing medical care to soldiers on both sides.
Who was John Wilkes Booth?
John Wilkes Booth was an actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in April 1865, shortly after the Civil War ended.
Who was John Brown
John Brown was an abolitionist who believed in armed insurrection to overthrow the institution of slavery. He led the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, hoping to incite a slave rebellion.
Who was James Buchanan?
James Buchanan was the 15th president of the United States (1857-1861), known for his inability to prevent the secession of Southern states and the outbreak of the Civil War.
Who was Anthony Burns?
Anthony Burns was an enslaved African American who became the subject of a controversial Fugitive Slave Act case in 1854, which resulted in his return to slavery despite public outcry.
Who was John C. Calhoun?
John C. Calhoun was a South Carolina politician and leading proponent of states’ rights, nullification, and the preservation of slavery.
Who was Henry Clay?
Henry Clay was a prominent American statesman who served as Speaker of the House, U.S. Senator, and Secretary of State, known for his role in crafting the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.
Who was John Crittenden?
John Crittenden was a Kentucky senator who proposed the Crittenden Compromise in 1860 in an attempt to prevent the Civil War by protecting slavery in the South, but it was ultimately rejected.
Who was Jefferson Davis?
Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War and was a former U.S. Senator from Mississippi.
Who was Stephen Douglas?
Stephen Douglas was a U.S. Senator from Illinois who was a prominent advocate for popular sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and he debated Abraham Lincoln in the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates.
Who was Frederick Douglass?
Frederick Douglass was a former enslaved African American who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and speaker, advocating for the emancipation of slaves and civil rights for African Americans.
Who was Nathan Bedford Forrest?
Nathan Bedford Forrest was a Confederate general during the Civil War, known for his leadership in the Battle of Fort Pillow and later as one of the first leaders of the Ku Klux Klan.
Who was John Fremont?
John Fremont was an explorer and military officer who became the first Republican candidate for president in 1856 and played a significant role in the American expansion during the Mexican-American War.
Who was William Lloyd Garrison?
William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer, best known for publishing the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator and advocating for immediate emancipation.
Who was Ulysses S. Grant?
Ulysses S. Grant was a Union general during the Civil War and the 18th president of the United States, known for leading the Union to victory and overseeing Reconstruction efforts post-war.
Who was Horace Greeley?
Horace Greeley was a journalist and the founder of the New York Tribune, known for his abolitionist views and for running as the Liberal Republican candidate in the 1872 presidential election.
Who was John Hale?
John Hale was a New Hampshire politician and abolitionist who served in the U.S. Senate and was an advocate for the Wilmot Proviso and the Free Soil Party.
Who was Rutherford B. Hayes?
Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States (1877-1881), known for his role in the disputed 1876 election and overseeing the end of Reconstruction.
Who was Stonewall Jackson?
Stonewall Jackson was a Confederate general during the Civil War, renowned for his tactical brilliance and his role in victories such as the First Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Who was Andrew Johnson?
Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the United States (1865-1869), who succeeded Abraham Lincoln after his assassination and oversaw the early years of Reconstruction.
Who was Robert E. Lee?
Robert E. Lee was the commanding general of the Confederate Army during the Civil War, widely respected for his military skill despite the Confederacy’s ultimate defeat.
Who was Abraham Lincoln?
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States, best known for leading the nation during the Civil War, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, and delivering the Gettysburg Address.
Who was George B. McClellan?
George B. McClellan was a Union general during the Civil War who was known for organizing the Army of the Potomac but was criticized for his cautiousness and inability to achieve decisive victories.
Who was George Meade?
George Meade was a Union general during the Civil War, best known for commanding the Army of the Potomac and leading the Union to victory at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Who was John L. O’Sullivan?
John L. O’Sullivan was a journalist and editor who coined the term “Manifest Destiny” in the 1840s to describe the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent.
Who was Franklin Pierce?
Franklin Pierce was the 14th president of the United States (1853-1857), whose administration supported the expansion of slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Who was James K. Polk?
James K. Polk was the 11th president of the United States (1845-1849), known for his aggressive expansionist policies, including the annexation of Texas and the acquisition of territories through the Mexican-American War.
Who was Dred Scott?
Dred Scott was an enslaved African American who sued for his freedom in the landmark Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which ruled that African Americans were not citizens and could not sue in federal court.
Who was Winfield Scott?
Winfield Scott was a U.S. Army general during the Mexican-American War and the Civil War, known for his role in the successful campaigns that led to the U.S. victory in Mexico and for developing the Anaconda Plan to defeat the Confederacy.
Who was William H. Seward?
William H. Seward was a U.S. Secretary of State under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, known for his role in the purchase of Alaska (often called “Seward’s Folly”) and his strong opposition to slavery.
Who was Horatio Seymour?
Horatio Seymour was the governor of New York and the Democratic candidate for president in 1868, known for his opposition to Reconstruction and the Republican Party’s policies.
Who was Thaddeus Stevens?
Thaddeus Stevens was a Republican congressman from Pennsylvania and a leader of the Radical Republicans, known for advocating for the abolition of slavery and the implementation of strict Reconstruction measures.
Who was William Tecumseh Sherman?
William Tecumseh Sherman was a Union general during the Civil War, famous for his “March to the Sea” from Atlanta to Savannah, which was a devastating campaign aimed at crippling the South’s war effort.
Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leading figure in the early women’s rights movement and a co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association, advocating for women’s right to vote and equal rights.
Who was Charles Sumner?
Charles Sumner was a Massachusetts senator and a leader of the Radical Republicans, known for his anti-slavery views and for being nearly beaten to death on the Senate floor in 1856 by Congressman Preston Brooks.
Who was Roger Taney?
Roger Taney was the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, best known for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which denied African Americans citizenship.
Who was Zachary Taylor?
Zachary Taylor was the 12th president of the United States and a general in the Mexican-American War, known for his victories in battles such as the Battle of Palo Alto and his brief presidency before his death in 1850.
Who was Harriet Tubman?
Harriet Tubman was an escaped enslaved woman who became a conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of enslaved people to freedom, and later served as a spy and nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War.
Who was Martin Van Buren?
Martin Van Buren was the 8th president of the United States (1837-1841) and a key organizer of the Democratic Party, known for his role in the Panic of 1837 and his support for the annexation of Texas.
Who was David Wilmot?
David Wilmot was a U.S. Congressman who introduced the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, which sought to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico after the Mexican-American War.
What was the significance of the 1830s economic opportunity in westward settlement?
The economic opportunities in the 1830s, such as the availability of land and natural resources, led to a significant increase in westward migration, spurred by the belief in Manifest Destiny.
What happened during the Panic of 1837?
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis that resulted in a severe economic depression in the United States, triggered by speculative investments, the collapse of banks, and a drop in cotton prices.
What was the outcome of the 1844 U.S. presidential election?
In the 1844 presidential election, Democrat James K. Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay, with Polk advocating for the annexation of Texas and expansionist policies.
What was the significance of the 1846-1848 Mexican-American War?
The Mexican-American War resulted in the U.S. acquisition of vast territories in the West, including California, New Mexico, and Texas, through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, fulfilling the goal of Manifest Destiny.
What was the Wilmot Proviso of 1846?
The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War, though it was ultimately unsuccessful.
What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo(1848)?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War, ceding large portions of Mexico to the U.S., including California, New Mexico, and Texas, in exchange for $15 million.
What was the significance of Zachary Taylor’s election in 1848?
Zachary Taylor, a Whig, was elected president in 1848 largely due to his popularity as a military hero from the Mexican-American War, though his presidency was short-lived due to his death in 1850.
What was the California gold rush of 1849?
The California gold rush began in 1849 after gold was discovered in California, leading to a massive influx of settlers seeking fortune and contributing to California’s rapid admission to the Union.
What was the significance of California’s application for admission as a free state in 1849?
California’s application for admission as a free state threatened the balance of power between free and slave states, contributing to tensions that led to the Compromise of 1850.
What was the Compromise of 1850?
The Compromise of 1850 was a series of legislative measures designed to settle disputes over slavery and territorial expansion, including the admission of California as a free state and the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Law.
What were the major protests over the Fugitive Slave Act of 1851?
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which mandated the return of runaway slaves, provoked widespread protests in the North, including public demonstrations and the assistance of Underground Railroad networks.
What was the election of Franklin Pierce in 1852?
Franklin Pierce, a Democrat, won the 1852 presidential election, but his presidency was marked by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which reignited sectional tensions over slavery.
Who was Millard Fillmore?
Millard Fillmore was the 13th president of the United States (1850-1853), known for supporting the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act.
