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Concepts in Pathophysiology > Module 7 - Alterations To Feedback Mechanisms > Flashcards

Module 7 - Alterations To Feedback Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion?

A

High levels of ADH without physiological stimuli for release

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2
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion?

A

Low concentration of solute in serum, urine hyper-osmolarity and normal adrenal and thyroid functions

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3
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Insufficiency of ADH leading to polyuria and polydipsia

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4
Q

What are the two forms of diabetes insipidus?

A

Neurogenic and nephrogenic

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5
Q

What is the neurogenic form?

A

Absence of ADH

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6
Q

What is the nephrogenic form?

A

Inadequate response of renal tubules to ADH

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7
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Large volume of dilute urine

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8
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Increased thirst

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9
Q

What is nocturia?

A

Frequent night time urination

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10
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia and low urine osmolarity

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11
Q

What is hyperaldosteronism?

A

Excessive aldosterone secretion by adrenal glands

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12
Q

What is primary hyperaldosteronism?

A

Excessive secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

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13
Q

What is secondary hyperaldosteronism?

A

Excessive aldosterone secretion due to extra-adrenal stimulus

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14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of primary hyperaldosteronism?

A

Sodium retention, hypertension and increased potassium excretion

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15
Q

What is Hypercortisolism?

A

Excessive levels of serum cortisol

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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Hypercortisolism?

A

Weight gain, glucose intolerance and protein wasting (muscle weakness)

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17
Q

What is primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Hyposecretion of cortisol, aldosterone and androgens

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18
Q

What is secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Hyposecretion of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (results in hyposecretion of cortisol)

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19
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypoadrenalism?

A

Weakness, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss

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20
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Lack of insulin caused by loss of beta cells

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21
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Hyperglycaemia, polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia and ketoacidosis

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22
Q

What is gestational diabetes mellitus?

A

Glucose intolerance appearing during pregnancy

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23
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Thyroid hormone levels higher than normal

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24
Q

What us thyrotoxicosis?

A

High levels resulting in hyper metabolic state

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25
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

Immune response triggering production of antibodies against TSH receptor

26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease?

A

Thyrotoxicosis, eyeball protrusion, periorbital oedema and visual impairment

27
Q

What is thyroiditis?

A

Inflammation of the thyroid tissue

28
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of thyroiditis?

A

Hair loss, tachycardia, palpitations, weight loss and muscle fatigue

29
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of thyrotoxic crisis?

A

Hyperthermia, tachycardia and high output heart failure

30
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Deficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland

31
Q

What are the primary causes of hypothyroidism?

A

Acute, subacute or autoimmune thyroiditis

32
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

Fatigue, bradycardia, gastric atrophy, constipation, oedema, fat accumulation and cold hands

33
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Greater than normal secretion of the parathyroid hormone

34
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid hormone secretion is increased and not under feedback control mechanisms

35
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Compensatory response of parathyroid gland to chronic hypocalcaemia

36
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Hypercalcaemia, metabolic acidosis and production of alkaline urine

37
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

Lack of circulating parathyroid hormone

38
Q

What does hypoparathyroidism cause?

A

Decreased serum calcium and increased serum phosphate levels

39
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Dry skin, loss of body hair, hypoplasia and phosphate retention (due to increased renal reabsorption of phosphate)

40
Q

What are the three common causes of sexual dysfunction?

A
  1. Growths
  2. Problems associated with endocrine system (e.g. lack of testosterone)
  3. Structural and functional alterations of the reproductive system (e.g. tissue damage giving rise to ectopic implants of endometrial tissue)
41
Q

What are the risk factors of breast cancer?

A

Age during first child birth, duration of reproductive life, hormone replacement therapy and insulin growth factor 1

42
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of breast cancer?

A

Painless lump/thickening of breast, palpable nodes, retraction of tissue and bone pain

43
Q

What are the risk factors of cervical cancer?

A

Genetic abnormalities, loss of cellular function, having multiple sexual partners and having intercourse before age 16

44
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of cervical cancer?

A

Often no symptoms (however change in vaginal discharge/bleeding may occur)

45
Q

What are the risk factors of prostate cancer?

A

Diet (high fat intake), hormones, chronic inflammation and familial factors

46
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of prostate cancer?

A

Bladder outlet obstruction, frequent low-volume urination, blood in urine and large bowel obstruction

47
Q

What are endometrial polyps?

A

Mass of endometrial tissue containing glands, stroma and blood vessels

48
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial-like cells appear and flourish in areas outside terrine cavity

49
Q

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Excessive androgen production triggered by inappropriate secretion of gonadotropins

50
Q

What is primary dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menstruation associated with release of prostaglandins in ovarian cycle

51
Q

What is secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

Related to pelvic pathology

52
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Lack of menstruation from any cause

53
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

Collection of fluid within tunica vaginalis

54
Q

What is torsion of the testes?

A

Testis rotates on its vascular pedicle (interrupts blood supply)

55
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Enlargement of prostate gland

56
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Inflammation of the prostate

57
Q

Describe the regulation of cortisol

A

Corticotrophin releasing hormone is released, anterior pituitary gland is activated, adrenocorticotropic hormone is released, adrenal cortex is activated and cortisol is released

58
Q

Describe the regulation of blood calcium levels

A

High = Thyroid gland released calcitonin to decrease levels
Low = Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone to increase levels

59
Q

What are the three types of hyperparathyroidism and their causes?

A
  1. Primary (osteoporosis)
  2. Secondary (chronic hypocalcaemia)
  3. Tertiary (hyperplasia)
60
Q

Describe the regulation of glucose

A

High = Beta cells in pancreas release insulin and fat cells take in glucose
Low = Alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon an live releases glucose

61
Q

Describe the regulation of the thyroid

A

Hypothalamus secretes thyroid releasing hormone, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4

Concepts in Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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