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Biochemistry > module 7 > Flashcards

module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

define bioenergetics

A

study of how nutrients provide energy for an organism

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2
Q

define cellular metabolism

A

the reactions in cells that allow for life to continue

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3
Q

define catabolic reactions

A

break down biomolecules

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4
Q

define anabolic reactions

A

build and produce biomolecules

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5
Q

what helps nutrients and waster to cross cellular membrane

A

integral proteins

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6
Q

what do integral proteins move across in the cellular membrane

A

lipid bilayer

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7
Q

define metabolic pathway

A

series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert material to a usable product

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8
Q

define flux

A

the amount of time it takes compounds to go from beginning to end of a pathway

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9
Q

what intermediate do both carbs and lipids break down into

A

acetyl-CoA

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10
Q

what makes up acetyl-CoA

A

acetyl- 2 carbon group

CoA= coenzyme containing ribose and adenine

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11
Q

Once acetyl-CoA is formed where does it go

A

CAC cycle to create NADH

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12
Q

Where does NADH go once created

A

shuttled to ETC to create ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

In common pathway where does conversion of acetyl-CoA happen

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

Define transporters

A

molecules- like integral protein- move 1 molecule or type across membrane

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15
Q

what is significant about the membranes of mitochondria

A

have porous outer membrane and non-porous inner membrane

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16
Q

ATP produced in the inner membrane of mitochondria move to

A

outer membrane and then to cytosol

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17
Q

In cytosol ATP is used how

A

broken down to ATP to release energy to perform work

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18
Q

For enzymatic breakdown of ATP what is net change in delta G free energy

A

negative

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19
Q

what is coupling in enzymatic reactions

A

named for cellular processes powered by breaking ATP bonds

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20
Q

What is FADH2

A

molecule that is similar to NADH
it can be shuttled to ETC to create ATP
structure is different from NADH permits it to interact with different proteins

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21
Q

what is glycolysis

A

10 step enzymatic pathway that break down glucose and other molecules into pyruvate with energy production in form of ATP and NADH

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22
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in cytosol as all molecules are water-soluble

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23
Q

what are the first 5 steps of glycolysis called

A

prep phase- energy investment

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24
Q

what are the last 5 steps of glycolysis called

A

payoff phase- energy invested becomes NADH, ATP and 2 pyruvate

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25
Q

what happens in first step of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation where phosphate group is added to glucose by hexokinase
glucose-> glucose-6-phosphate
ATP->ADP

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26
Q

what is the change of Delta G in step 1 of glycolysis

A

-16.7 kj/mol

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27
Q

what is step 2 of glycolysis

A

prepares glucose to be cut in half
glucose-6-phosphate->fructose-6-phosphate
phosphohexose isomerase

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28
Q

what is step 3 of glycolysis

A

seen with step 2- prepares glucose to be cut in half.
frutose-6-phosphate-> fructose 1,6 phosphate
phospho-fructokinase-1
ATP-ADP

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29
Q

what is seen step 4 of glycolysis

A

fructuose 1,6 -> fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

aldose

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30
Q

what is seen in step 5 of glycolysis

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate-> glyceradelhyde 3-phosphate and dihydrogenphosphate
triose phosphate isomerase
DAP is converted to GAP
end of the prep phase

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31
Q

what is seen in step 6 of glycolysis

A

begins the payoff phase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate-> 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
2 Pi, and 2 NAD+ go in and 2 NADH and 2 H+ come out of the reaction

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32
Q

what is seen in step 7 of glycolysis

A

(2) 1,3, bisphosphoglycerate-> (2) 3-phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate kinase
2ADP->2ATP

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33
Q

what is seen in step 8 of glycolysis

A

(2) 3-phosphoglycerate-> (2) 2-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate mutase

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34
Q

what is seen in step 9 of glycolysis

A

(2) 2-phosphoglycerate-> phosphoenolpyruvate
enolase
H20 is released

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35
Q

what is seen in step 10 of glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate-> 2 pyruvate
pyruvate kinase
2 ADP-> 2ATP

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36
Q

what is the delta G change for reaction 2

A

1.7kj/mol

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37
Q

ATP is added to which steps in glycolysis

A

1 and 3

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38
Q

what is significant about prep phase in glycolysis

A

glucose gets cut in half

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39
Q

what do the 2 GAP molecules move to and form

A

move to energy and form ATP and NADH

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40
Q

How much ATP is formed with NADH

A

2.5

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41
Q

what type of reaction is step 7 in glycolysis

A

substrate level phosphorylation

not used in mitochondria

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42
Q

outline the glycolysis energy balance

A

prep phase: -2 ATP, 0 NADH
payoff phase: 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Total: 2 ATP, 2 NADH

43
Q

define fermentation

A

process that extracts energy as ATP but does not use oxygen or change the concentration of NAD+ or NADH

44
Q

define respiration of CAC

A

aerobic and oxidative catabolism of pyruvate

45
Q

define cellular respiration

A

cells take in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide to generate energy

46
Q

describe the 3 step process of cellular respiration

A
  1. ) glucose or other molecule like a FA is oxidized into a 2 carbon acetyl CoA compound.
  2. ) Acetyl-CoA groups are moved through CAC to create NADH or FADH2 molecules and release CO2
  3. ) NADH or FADH2 molecules are oxidized in mitochondria to produce ATP- via oxidative phosphorylation
47
Q

What is PDH

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase
a supramolecular complex with multiple copies of three different enzymes, named E1, E2, and E3, that catalyzes this multistep reaction
PDH regulates the reaction preventing over production of Acetyl-CoA

48
Q

how many reactions in CAC and what does it yield

A

8 steps

yields NADH, FADH2 and GTP

49
Q

what are 2 other names for CAC

A 
krebs cycle
tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
50
Q

What is the CAC cyle

A

series of oxidative reactions that conserve the energy of acetyl-CoA through a series of small reaction steps

51
Q

what is the purpose of CAC cycle

A

convert the acetyl-CoA to energy molecules that are stored and used when necessary

52
Q

what is the first step in the CAC cycle

A

known as building step
acetyl-CoA becomes citrate via citrate synthase enzyme
undergoes a condensation reaction where acetyl group is split from CoA and attached to 4 carbon compound oxaloacetone= citrate

53
Q

what is the 2nd step in the CAC cycle

A

citrate converts to isocitrate
-OH move from 1 carbon to the next
starts with dehydration of citrate to cis-aconitate as an intermediate: double bond formed in cis-aconitate permits OH to be easily adjacent carbon

54
Q

what is 3rd step CAC cycle

A

isocitrate converted to a-ketoglutarate with production of NADH
1rst energy molecule produced
1rst loss Co2 coming from oxaloacetate

55
Q

what is 4th step of CAC cyle

A

regulation step: not equilibrium
a-ketoglutarate converted to succinyl-CoA
similar conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
a-ketoglutarate attached to CoA-SH from succinyl-CoA and release Co2`

56
Q

what is 5th step of CAC cycle

A

result in 4 carbon succinate

succinyl-CoA converted to succinate with loss of CoA-SH and forms GTP

57
Q

what is GTP needed for in the body

A

neurological processes

58
Q

what is the 6th step of the CAC cyle

A

energy formed as FADH2
oxidation step as FAD removed 2 atom H
conversion succinate to fumerase: equilibirum

59
Q

what is the delta G for step 6 of CAC cyle

A

delta G =0

60
Q

what is the 7th step of CAC cycle

A

fumerate converted to malate through addition of water across doubled fumerate
fumerase( lyase enzyme) creates the double bond

61
Q

what is the 8th step of CAC cycle

A

convert malate through oxidation of OH group to C=O to oxaloacetate- forms NADH

62
Q

what can oxaloacetate accept at step 8 of CAC

A

Actyl-CoA which starts cycle all over again

63
Q

what is the chart for energy molecules and how much ATP produced

A

ATP/GTP- 4 produced; 4 ATP formed
NADH- 10 produced; 25 ATP formed( 10x2.5)
FADH2- 2 produced; 3 ATP formed( 2x1.5)
Total ATP: 32

64
Q

what happens during 1rst step of b-oxidation process

A

FAD oxidizes fatty acetyl-Coa form double bond between a and b carbon: result FADH2
FADH2 donate H and electron to ETC to create ATP
Once H and electrons donated FAD oxidize other molecules

65
Q

where is ETC located

A

mitochondria

66
Q

what happens during 2nd step of b-oxidation process

A

double bond reaction prepare molecule for addition of H2O to make -OH on B carbon step 2
enzyme used is enol-CoA hydratase( lyase enzyme)

67
Q

what happens during 3rd step of b-oxidation process

A 
-OH group on B carbon oxidized by NAD to C=O group
NADH formed( like FADH2) donate H and electrons to ETC to create atp and replace NAD
68
Q

what happens during 4th step of b-oxidation

A

carbon chain fragmented into acetyl-CoA group and fatty aceyl-CoA chain( 12 carbon)

69
Q

what happens after 4 step beta-oxidation process- similar to after glycolysis

A

Acetyl-CoA enter CAC cycle in mitochondria

70
Q

what are the other steps after beta-oxidation

A

fatty acyl-CoA molecule undergoes more B-oxidation- creates FADH2, NADH and acetyl-Coa

71
Q

what happens at the end of the process of beta-oxidation

A

2 acetyl-CoA produced when 4 carbon molecule is split in 2

72
Q

What is the B-spiral

A

sequential pathway repeats w/chain 2 carbon shorter each time

73
Q

how many ATP result from single 14 carbon chain in beta-oxidation and CAC combined

A

94 ATP

74
Q

how many rounds of beta-oxidation for a 14 carbon acyl-CoA and creates how many FADH2 and NADH

A

6 rounds
6 of each FADH2 and NADH
7 acetyl-CoA molecules at the end

75
Q

what does each acetyl-CoA yield

which cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
CAC

76
Q

what is the yield chart for b-oxidation

A

NADH- 6 produced; 15 ATP( 6x2.5)

FADH2-6 produced; 9 ATP( 6x1.5)

77
Q

Define VLCAD

A

very long chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase

acts on FA chains 12-18 long

78
Q

Define MCAD

A

medium chain acyl-CoA acts on chains 4-14 chain long

79
Q

Define SCAD

A

short chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase act on short chains 4-8 carbon long

80
Q

what is a mutation that can occur in beta-oxidation pathway

which is most common

A

on enzyme: hinder or stop FA degradation

most common: MCAD- difficulty processing medium chain triglycerides

81
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of MCAD mutation

how managed?

A

vomiting, lethargy, low blood sugar
typically seen in infancy and early childhood
managed primarily with diet and prognosis is good with early detection

82
Q

state the 8 intermediates and enzymes for CAC

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA; citrate synthase
  2. Citrate; aconitatse
  3. Isocitrate; isocitrate dehydrogenase
  4. a-ketoglutarate; a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
  5. succinyl-CoA; Succinyl CoA synthase
  6. Succinate; Succinate dehyratase
  7. Fumerate; fumerase
  8. Malate; malate dehydrogenase
83
Q

A scientist uses the term flux regarding a biochemical pathway. What does flux mean?

A

Flux is used to describe the rate of which a reaction is performed and completed.

84
Q

A particular pathway breaks down proteins into amino acids. Is this an anabolic or a catabolic pathway?

A

Catabolic. This is degradation of a molecule.

85
Q

The acetyl group is connected to CoA to make Acetyl-CoA. A) What specific atom of CoA connects to the carbon atom on the acetyl group? B) What nucleotide base is part of CoA?

A

A) Sulfur

B) Adenine

86
Q

Both carbohydrates and lipids are broken down into Acetyl-CoA for further processing. What pathway does Acetyl-CoA go to next?

A

Citric Acid Cycle- CAC

87
Q

What is the “ETC” and what happens there?

A

Electron transport chain. NADH is converted into ATP at the ETC.

88
Q

What is the sign (+ or -) of ΔG for the breakdown of ATP to ADP? Why is the sign important?

A

(-). A negative means spontaneous, or favorable, and is able to power other processes.

89
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis? How many reactions in each?

A

The preparatory phase and payoff phase. Five reactions in each.

90
Q

How many ATPs are invested in glycolysis?

A

2

91
Q

What is the net number of ATP gained from glycolysis?

A

2 ( 2 invested, 4 produced, 2 yield)

92
Q

How many reactions of glycolysis have a single arrow “→” in their reaction equation?

A

3

93
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate produced in glycolysis?

A

Under anaerobic conditions, it goes to lactate or sometimes ethanol or other products to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, it proceeds to the citric acid cycle.

94
Q

For one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate step in glycolysis?

A

1 NADH produced

95
Q

In ____(A)_____, phosphate from _____(B)_______ is transferred to ADP and yields ATP.

In ___(C)____, phosphate from ATP is transferred to ____(D)_______ forming ADP .

A

A) reaction 7

B) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

C) Reaction 3

D) Fructose-6-phosphate

96
Q

How many steps are found in the CAC?

A

8

97
Q

How much ATP is produced per NADH molecule after oxidative phosphorylation? Per FADH2?

A

NADH- 2.5 per molecule. FADH2 – 1.5 per molecule

98
Q

How many CO2 are lost per each turn of the CAC?

A

2 molecules of CO2 are lost.

99
Q

How many of the steps in the CAC are equilibrium reactions?

A

5

100
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by the PDH?

A

pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

101
Q

The 𝛽-oxidation pathway is the degradation pathway for fatty acids. A. Where, in the cell, does the 𝛽-oxidation pathway occur? B. How many steps are in the 𝛽-oxidation pathway?

A

A. mitochondria

B. 4 steps

102
Q

How many FADH2 and NADH molecules are produced per round of 𝛽-oxidation?

A

1 FADH2 and 1 NADH

103
Q

Can 𝛽-oxidation occur with odd-numbered fatty acids? Can 𝛽-oxidation occur with fatty chains containing double bonds? Explain your answer in at least three complete sentences.

A

Yes to both types of chains. The 𝛽-oxidation process occurs with both unsaturated fatty acids (those with double bonds) and fatty acids that have an odd number of carbons. Double bonds and odd-numbered chains each present a structural problem for the standard enzymes of the pathway. So, there are additional steps with enzymes for each type of molecule, but the molecules are degraded with energy recovered.

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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