module 5 lipids

Question 1

what is the definition of a lipid

Answer 1

organic molecule that dissolves in a non-polar solvent

Question 2

what is the example shown in video

Answer 2

coconut oil mixed in hexane- dissolved

water with dye did not dissolve in hexane

Question 3

what is unique about carotenoid molecules

Answer 3

they have vibrant colors

Question 4

what are some examples of carotenoids in nature

Answer 4

red color of cardinals

yellow of the finch

Question 5

where does the yellow color of the finch come from

Answer 5

zeaxanthin

Question 6

where is zeaxanthin come from

Answer 6

bacterium: Pedobacter heparinus

Question 7

what is the function of the Pedobacter Heparinus

Answer 7

expresses yellow color of zeaxanthin when exposed to sunlight which suggests the protection from UV rays is by using zeaxanthin

Question 8

what are the five types of lipids discussed in the module

Answer 8

fatty acids
triaglycerols
phosphoglycerides
sphingophospholipids
isoprenoid compounds

Question 9

what does a fatty acid consist of

Answer 9

long chain of carbons with carboxylic acid on one end

Question 10

how long is a typical fatty acid

Answer 10

8-30 carbon

usually even numbered and typically 12-24 carbon

Question 11

what does saturated mean when discussing fatty acids

Answer 11

saturated with hydrogen and no double bonds

Question 12

what is simplified notation system and what does 12:0 notate

Answer 12

an easy way to notate carbons and bonds

12:0 notates 12 carbons and 0 double bonds

Question 13

what does unsaturated mean

Answer 13

there are 1 or more double bonds

Question 14

where is a typical bond found in an unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 14

carbon 9-10 and 12

Question 15

how is an unsaturated fatty acid notated in simplified notation

Answer 15

same as saturated just add delta and number of bonds with superscript where to find the bond
ex: 12:2 delta 9

Question 16

What is PUFA

Answer 16

polyunsaturated fatty acid- indicating 2 or more double bond present in single chain

Question 17

what is the name of the numbering system used for PUFA

Answer 17

omega

Question 18

what is important regarding numbering using omega

Answer 18

start at end of the chain rather than at the carbon( beginning)

Question 19

where is the double bond frequently found in PUFA regardless of length of chain

Answer 19

3 or 6 from the end of the chain

Question 20

PUFA require (fill in) because they (fill in)

Answer 20

less energy to digest, contain fewer carbon-carbon bonds to break

Question 21

what are PUFA known as nutritionally

Answer 21

good fats

Question 22

what do triacylglycerols do

Answer 22

store energy

Question 23

why do they store energy

Answer 23

because they are long dense chains of carbon and hydrogen in form of fatty acid chain

Question 24

what is a function of triacylglcerols

Answer 24

provide insulation by trapping heat

Question 25

what serves as the backbone for triacylglycerols

Answer 25

glycerol

Question 26

what is glycerol attached to in triacylglycerols

Answer 26

3 fatty acids via acetyl linkage (-O-CO-)

Question 27

describe a triacylglycerol that is found in nature

Answer 27

3 fatty acid molecules of different lengths and may contain double bonds or no double bonds- all attached to glycerol

Question 28

what determines the physical components of a tricylglycerol molecule

Answer 28

number and type of fatty acids

Question 29

what will cause a triacylglcerol to be more oily

Answer 29

one or more unsaturated chains due to bonds kinking and not packing well with other molecules

Question 30

what will cause a solid in a triacylglcerol

Answer 30

all fatty acids pack together as they are saturated and there will not be any kinking

Question 31

what is it called when a lipid is liquid at room temp (25 degrees Cel)

Answer 31

oil

Question 32

what is it called when a lipid is solid at room temp (25 degrees cel)

Answer 32

solid

Question 33

describe the structure of a phosphoglyceride

Answer 33

glycerol is backbone with 2 fatty acids attached on 1rst and 2nd carbon and polar group attached to 3rd carbon- choline, serine and others

Question 34

in a phosphoglyceride what is considered the head and what is the tail

Answer 34

the polar group is considered the head- can interact with water the long carbon chain is the tail: non-polar and extended

Question 35

what does the phosphoglyceride molecule allow for

Answer 35

spontaneous form membrane bilayers with tails coming together( form interior) and heads sticking out

Question 36

what is the main difference in structure between a phosphoglyceride and a sphinogolipid How are these 2 types of lipids similar

Answer 36

backbone is ceramide | both have 2 fatty acid on chain and 1 polar head group

Question 37

what is the notation seen distinguishing amide from glycerol and determines type of lipid

Answer 37

HN- amide on 2nd carbon instead of OH for glycerol

Question 38

What are sphingomyelins, what is the function, how are they described

Answer 38

``` subclass of sphingolipid form cell membrane but specifically seen in myelin sheath of some neurons polar head with a neutral charge ```

Question 39

what is another important function of sphingolipids

Answer 39

they assist in determine blood type

Question 40

how do sphingolipids assist in determine blood type

Answer 40

polar head is an oligosaccharide that points out and communicates with other cells Blood types O, A, B have different oligosaccharides attached at the head

Question 41

how many different functions do sphingolipids have in the cellular membrane

Answer 41

more than 60 identified each with specific functions

Question 42

what is isoprene

Answer 42

a 5 carbon molecule that is the starting material for many lipids

Question 43

what are some examples of materials that formsfrom isoprene

Answer 43

vitamins( A and K), cholesterol, cartenoids- yellow dye

Question 44

what is involved in the preparation of isoprenoid compounds

Answer 44

a 10 step enzymatic process with the isoprene being used to make the carbons including the rings

Question 45

where in the human body is zeaxanthin found

Answer 45

human eye- protecting from UV

Question 46

what is vitamin K and what is the function in the body

Answer 46

fat-soluable essential for blood coagulation, | becomes part of protein thrombin which is used form blood clots

Question 47

Where does the K in vitamin k come from

Answer 47

danish word for Koagulation

Question 48

what is the important role of cholesterol in the human body

Answer 48

helps maintain fluidity of cell bilayer which is necessary for survival

Question 49

what is another name for cholesterol and what denotes their structure

Answer 49

sterols | 4 rings fused together

Question 50

How is the definition of lipid different from protein and carbohydrate?

Answer 50

The lipid definition is based on the functional definition of being soluble in a non-polar solvent. Proteins and carbohydrates are based on the structure.

Question 51

What are three functions of lipids?

Answer 51

Any three of: energy, storage, vitamin, protection, and insulation

Question 52

How does the omega numbering system differ from the simplified notation?

Answer 52

The simplified notation starts number at the carboxylic acid, while the omega system starts at the opposite end – from the -CH3.

Question 53

What does unsaturated mean for a fatty acid?

Answer 53

Unsaturated indicates that one or more double bonds are present.

Question 54

What is the difference between a fat and oil?

Answer 54

An oil is a lipid that is a liquid at room temperature, while fat is a solid at room temperature.

Question 55

How are phosphoglycerides similar to triacylglycerols? How they different?

Answer 55

Both classes of lipid have glycerol as a backbone structure. Both have fatty acids attached to the glycerol. The difference is that phosphoglycerides have two fatty acids attached to the glycerol and, as the name implies, triacylglycerols have three fatty acids. Phosphoglyceride has a polar head group attached.

Question 56

What is the primary function of phosphoglycerides mentioned in this module?

Answer 56

forming membrane bilayers

Question 57

Describe at least two functions of sphingolipids.

Answer 57

They serve as blood group determinants, the structure of membrane bilayers, and in the myelin sheath of neurons.

Question 58

What is the main difference between phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids?

Answer 58

Sphingolipids have a ceramide backbone structure, whereas the phosphoglycerides have a glycerol structure.

Question 59

How many carbons and double bonds are in an isoprene unit?

Answer 59

5 carbons and one double bond

Question 60

What are two functions of isoprenoid compounds

Answer 60

Vitamin production, cholesterol production, and pigment formation

Question 61

Name three components of a cellular membrane.

Answer 61

phosphoglycerides, cholesterol, sphingolipids, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins

Question 62

What is an integral protein?

Answer 62

a membrane protein firmly attached to the membrane