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Biochemistry > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Biochemistry

A

The study of life as it integrates biology and chemistry

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2
Q

What is another name for fireflies

A

lightening bug

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3
Q

What protein creates the light seen from fireflies

A

luciferin

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4
Q

What is the reason for fireflies to give off light

A

communicate with others- attract a mate

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5
Q

What enzyme starts the process of emitting light by firelfies

A

luciferanse

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6
Q

What is the process of emitting light by fireflies

A

bioluminescence

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7
Q

What is a protein

A

a biological molecules perform work in living organism

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8
Q

What are 3 things biochemist study

A

relationship between structure and function of different organisms, the metabolism of the the biomolecule and how organisms communicate with each other

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9
Q

Do smaller or larger elements make up the bulk of organisms

A

smaller

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10
Q

of 90 occurring elements: how many are actually found in living organisms

A

less than 30

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11
Q

Which elements are considered bulk elements

A

C, O, N, H, S, CL, K, P, Na, Ca

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12
Q

Which elements are considered trace

A

Mg, Cr, Fe, V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Mo, W

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13
Q

Which elements form stable bonds

Unstable?

A

stable: bulk elements: small
unstable: trace and large

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14
Q

How is a strong bond formed

A

overlap of atoms: ex H and C overlap and share electrons

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15
Q

Which 2 elements are found in large amounts and what do they form
What percentage do they make of living things

A

H and O and they form water

70% or more

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16
Q

What is thought to be the medium of life?

A

water

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17
Q

what is the bond angle of water

A

104.5 degrees

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18
Q 
What are the degree angles of
linear
trigonal Planar
Trigonal Pyramidal
Tetrahedral
A

linear: 180- simple compounds
trigonal planar: 120- double bonds
Trigonal Pyramidal: 107.5- nitrogen atoms have this
Tetrahedral: 109.5: carbon atoms with all single bonds

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19
Q

what is critical to living things and found in large amounts and is considered the superglue of living things

A

carbon

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20
Q

what is the focus of the study of organic chemsitry

A

chemical and physical compounds of carbon

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21
Q

what is the focus of the study of inorganic chemistry

A

the study of metals, minerals and non-organic compounds

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22
Q

how many valence electrons due carbon have and what do they form

A

4- ability to form 4 bonds

long chains called polymers

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23
Q

what are the result of many polymers

A

plastics, cooking oils and kelver( found in bulletproof vest)
DNA- formed from chains of carbons

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24
Q

What are cyclic compounds

A

carbons formed in enclosed long chains found in proteins, DNA and RNA and other sugar

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25
Q

what is an advantage to cyclic compounds

A

restricted in movement allows for integrity of shape and creates stronger molecule

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26
Q

What is acetylene:

A

triple carbon bond

used by welders to cut torches

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27
Q

CH4

A

methane

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28
Q

C2H6

A

Ethane

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29
Q

C3H8

A

Propane

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30
Q

C4H10

A

Butane

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31
Q

C5H12

A

Pentane

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32
Q

What is a special arrangement of atoms called

A

functional group

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33
Q

what is the acid property of vinegar

A

acetic acid

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34
Q

What is the functional group of acetic acid and the condensed formula for the functional group

A

carboxylic acid

COOH

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35
Q

What is the property in fingernail polish remover

A

acetone

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36
Q

What is the functional group of acetone

A

ketone: key is the :one:

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37
Q

What is the condensed structure of acetone

A

CH3COCH3

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38
Q

What are the melting points of acetic acid and acetone

A

Acetic Acid: 16 degree celsius

Acetone: -94.9 degree celsius

39
Q

What are the density of acetic acid, acetone, and water

A

acetic acid: .791g/mL

acetone: 1.05 g/mL
water: 1.0g/mL

40
Q

define biomolecule

A

molecules secreted by cells or part of a cell

41
Q

what results from too much uric acid

A

gout

42
Q

what is the mass of uric acid

A

168g/mol

43
Q

what is the mass of atp

A

507g/mol

44
Q

define macromolecule

A

large biomolecule

45
Q

define monomer

A

building block of macromolecule

46
Q

what is the monomer for protein, dna, carbohydrates

A

protein: amino acid
Dna: nucleotides
carbohydrates: sugar

47
Q

monomers are which level of cellular molecules

A

2nd

48
Q

what are macromolecule for protein, carbohydrates and DNA

A

protein: insulin
Carboydrates- starch
Dna: chromosomal dna

49
Q

define supramolecular complexes

A

complexes of 2 or more macromolecules

50
Q

what is an example of a supramolecular complex in the cell

A

protein and dna unite so that protein can repair dna

51
Q

what describes the cellular space where the process of life occurs

A

plasma membrane

52
Q

what’s considering a prokaryote

A

bacteria and single celled organisms

53
Q

What organisms are eukaroyte

A

multi-cellular, fungi, animals, plants and algae

54
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

volume of cell

55
Q

cytosol

A

aqueous solution

56
Q

define the nucleoid

A

area of bacterial chromosome along with associated protein

57
Q

what is the genome

A

contains the genes of the organism

58
Q

what are ribosomes

A

manufactor proteins for the cell

59
Q

what are metabolites

A

organic molecule that allow cells to survive
give cell unique structure, includes the production and destruction of macromolecules, energy pathways and a way to have smell( organic molecule)

60
Q

what is the collection of metabolites called

A

metabolome

61
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesize and process protein

62
Q

what is the smooth ER

A

forms lipids

63
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

receives products from rough ER on the way to its destination

64
Q

what organelles are responsible for detoxify in the cell

A

peroxisomes

65
Q

the digestive center for animal cells are

A

lysosomes- pH of 5

66
Q

what replaces the lysosome in plants and fungi

A

vacuole

67
Q

what produces energy to maintain molecules and to build them

A

mitochondria

68
Q

define respiration in producing ATP

A

conversion of glucose

C6H12O6+6CO2->6CO2+6H2O+Energy(ATP)

69
Q

in plants where is sunlight converted to energy

A

chloroplasts

70
Q

what is the location and function of the cell wlal

A

outside cell membrane in plants

provides structure for protection

71
Q

what is the protective structure of eukaryote cells

A

cytoskeleton

72
Q

where is the cytoskeleton found

A

inside the cell- network of proteins give cell shape and structure, help organize and allow movement

73
Q

What are three ways that biochemists study biological organisms?

A

Biochemists study 1) the relationship between structure and function of biomolecules, 2) chemical reactions of organisms (metabolism), and 3) communication within and among organisms.

74
Q

What is the definition of biochemistry?

A

Often referred to as the chemistry of life, biochemistry asks how the remarkable properties of organisms relate to their molecules.

75
Q

What is another name for firefly?

A

lightening bug

76
Q

Is Li an element common in biological organisms?

A

no

77
Q

What is known as the “medium of life”?

A

water

78
Q

What is the bond angle associated with trigonal pyramidal shape?

A

107.5

79
Q

Are transition metals commonly found in biological organisms?

A

yes- iron is an example

80
Q

True or false: Water can make up 85% (by mass) of a living organism.

A

true

81
Q

True or false: Large elements tend to make the strongest covalent bonds.

A

False: small elements make stronger bonds

82
Q

Name three bulk elements. Name three trace elements.

A

Bulk elements (three of these): H, C, N, O, Na, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca

Trace elements: Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, I, and W.

83
Q

Differentiate between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry.

A

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds. Inorganic chemistry is the study of all other elements.

84
Q

Is H2O an organic molecule? How about CO2? C100H202?

A

Water is not organic; it does not contain carbon. Both CO2 and C100H202 are organic compounds.

85
Q

The next row of Table 1 would be the 6-carbon alkane, hexane. Write out its chemical formula and condensed formula.

A

chemical formula: C6H14 Condensed formula: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

86
Q

How are the aldehyde and ketone functional groups similar? Different?

A

Aldehdyes and ketones both have a carbon double bond oxygen arrangement (C=O) in their structure. They differ in that the other two bonds that the carbon forms are different. A ketone has both bonds connected to other carbons. An aldehyde has one bond to hydrogen and the second bond to either another hydrogen or carbon.

87
Q

What functional groups are found in glycine?

A

carboxyl acid and amine

88
Q

A cell wall is a combination of carbohydrates and proteins. What level of organization would this indicate and why?

A

Supramolecular complex. A cell wall is a combination of two types of macromolecules to form a larger complex (through non-covalent interactions).

89
Q

What is the monomer of proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA?

A

The protein monomer is an amino acid, a monosaccharide is the monomer for carbohydrates, and a nucleotide is the monomer for DNA.

90
Q

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different? (State your answer in two or more

A

While they are both cells types, prokaryotes have a simple structure with no organelles present. Eukaryotes have a true nucleus and organelle structures. As a result, the eukaryotes are also considerably larger than prokaryotes.

91
Q

How are Bacteria and Archaea different? (State your answer in two or more complete sentences.)

A

Bacteria and Achaea are both simple cells with no organelle structure, and they lack a true nucleus. Archaea live in extreme conditions, such as hot springs and in the artic; they are thought to be more closely related to prokaryotes.

92
Q

What is the function of mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles?

A

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell responsible for producing ATP. It also contains metabolic processes that yield ATP in the end.

Lysosomes degrade macromolecules–protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acids–into smaller pieces. These organelles have an acidic pH.

Vacuoles have digestive enzymes to degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, plus vacuoles function largely as storage centers.

93
Q

What energy molecule is produced in the mitochondria?

A

atp

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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