module 1 Flashcards
Define Biochemistry
The study of life as it integrates biology and chemistry
What is another name for fireflies
lightening bug
What protein creates the light seen from fireflies
luciferin
What is the reason for fireflies to give off light
communicate with others- attract a mate
What enzyme starts the process of emitting light by firelfies
luciferanse
What is the process of emitting light by fireflies
bioluminescence
What is a protein
a biological molecules perform work in living organism
What are 3 things biochemist study
relationship between structure and function of different organisms, the metabolism of the the biomolecule and how organisms communicate with each other
Do smaller or larger elements make up the bulk of organisms
smaller
of 90 occurring elements: how many are actually found in living organisms
less than 30
Which elements are considered bulk elements
C, O, N, H, S, CL, K, P, Na, Ca
Which elements are considered trace
Mg, Cr, Fe, V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Mo, W
Which elements form stable bonds
Unstable?
stable: bulk elements: small
unstable: trace and large
How is a strong bond formed
overlap of atoms: ex H and C overlap and share electrons
Which 2 elements are found in large amounts and what do they form
What percentage do they make of living things
H and O and they form water
70% or more
What is thought to be the medium of life?
water
what is the bond angle of water
104.5 degrees
What are the degree angles of linear trigonal Planar Trigonal Pyramidal Tetrahedral
linear: 180- simple compounds
trigonal planar: 120- double bonds
Trigonal Pyramidal: 107.5- nitrogen atoms have this
Tetrahedral: 109.5: carbon atoms with all single bonds
what is critical to living things and found in large amounts and is considered the superglue of living things
carbon
what is the focus of the study of organic chemsitry
chemical and physical compounds of carbon
what is the focus of the study of inorganic chemistry
the study of metals, minerals and non-organic compounds
how many valence electrons due carbon have and what do they form
4- ability to form 4 bonds
long chains called polymers
what are the result of many polymers
plastics, cooking oils and kelver( found in bulletproof vest)
DNA- formed from chains of carbons
What are cyclic compounds
carbons formed in enclosed long chains found in proteins, DNA and RNA and other sugar
what is an advantage to cyclic compounds
restricted in movement allows for integrity of shape and creates stronger molecule
What is acetylene:
triple carbon bond
used by welders to cut torches
CH4
methane
C2H6
Ethane
C3H8
Propane
C4H10
Butane
C5H12
Pentane
What is a special arrangement of atoms called
functional group
what is the acid property of vinegar
acetic acid
What is the functional group of acetic acid and the condensed formula for the functional group
carboxylic acid
COOH
What is the property in fingernail polish remover
acetone
What is the functional group of acetone
ketone: key is the :one:
What is the condensed structure of acetone
CH3COCH3
What are the melting points of acetic acid and acetone
Acetic Acid: 16 degree celsius
Acetone: -94.9 degree celsius
What are the density of acetic acid, acetone, and water
acetic acid: .791g/mL
acetone: 1.05 g/mL
water: 1.0g/mL
define biomolecule
molecules secreted by cells or part of a cell
what results from too much uric acid
gout
what is the mass of uric acid
168g/mol
what is the mass of atp
507g/mol
define macromolecule
large biomolecule
define monomer
building block of macromolecule
what is the monomer for protein, dna, carbohydrates
protein: amino acid
Dna: nucleotides
carbohydrates: sugar
monomers are which level of cellular molecules
2nd
what are macromolecule for protein, carbohydrates and DNA
protein: insulin
Carboydrates- starch
Dna: chromosomal dna
define supramolecular complexes
complexes of 2 or more macromolecules
what is an example of a supramolecular complex in the cell
protein and dna unite so that protein can repair dna
what describes the cellular space where the process of life occurs
plasma membrane
what’s considering a prokaryote
bacteria and single celled organisms
What organisms are eukaroyte
multi-cellular, fungi, animals, plants and algae
what is the cytoplasm
volume of cell
cytosol
aqueous solution
define the nucleoid
area of bacterial chromosome along with associated protein
what is the genome
contains the genes of the organism
what are ribosomes
manufactor proteins for the cell
what are metabolites
organic molecule that allow cells to survive
give cell unique structure, includes the production and destruction of macromolecules, energy pathways and a way to have smell( organic molecule)
what is the collection of metabolites called
metabolome
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesize and process protein
what is the smooth ER
forms lipids
what is the golgi apparatus
receives products from rough ER on the way to its destination
what organelles are responsible for detoxify in the cell
peroxisomes
the digestive center for animal cells are
lysosomes- pH of 5
what replaces the lysosome in plants and fungi
vacuole
what produces energy to maintain molecules and to build them
mitochondria
define respiration in producing ATP
conversion of glucose
C6H12O6+6CO2->6CO2+6H2O+Energy(ATP)
in plants where is sunlight converted to energy
chloroplasts
what is the location and function of the cell wlal
outside cell membrane in plants
provides structure for protection
what is the protective structure of eukaryote cells
cytoskeleton
where is the cytoskeleton found
inside the cell- network of proteins give cell shape and structure, help organize and allow movement
What are three ways that biochemists study biological organisms?
Biochemists study 1) the relationship between structure and function of biomolecules, 2) chemical reactions of organisms (metabolism), and 3) communication within and among organisms.
What is the definition of biochemistry?
Often referred to as the chemistry of life, biochemistry asks how the remarkable properties of organisms relate to their molecules.
What is another name for firefly?
lightening bug
Is Li an element common in biological organisms?
no
What is known as the “medium of life”?
water
What is the bond angle associated with trigonal pyramidal shape?
107.5
Are transition metals commonly found in biological organisms?
yes- iron is an example
True or false: Water can make up 85% (by mass) of a living organism.
true
True or false: Large elements tend to make the strongest covalent bonds.
False: small elements make stronger bonds
Name three bulk elements. Name three trace elements.
Bulk elements (three of these): H, C, N, O, Na, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca
Trace elements: Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, I, and W.
Differentiate between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds. Inorganic chemistry is the study of all other elements.
Is H2O an organic molecule? How about CO2? C100H202?
Water is not organic; it does not contain carbon. Both CO2 and C100H202 are organic compounds.
The next row of Table 1 would be the 6-carbon alkane, hexane. Write out its chemical formula and condensed formula.
chemical formula: C6H14 Condensed formula: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
How are the aldehyde and ketone functional groups similar? Different?
Aldehdyes and ketones both have a carbon double bond oxygen arrangement (C=O) in their structure. They differ in that the other two bonds that the carbon forms are different. A ketone has both bonds connected to other carbons. An aldehyde has one bond to hydrogen and the second bond to either another hydrogen or carbon.
What functional groups are found in glycine?
carboxyl acid and amine
A cell wall is a combination of carbohydrates and proteins. What level of organization would this indicate and why?
Supramolecular complex. A cell wall is a combination of two types of macromolecules to form a larger complex (through non-covalent interactions).
What is the monomer of proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA?
The protein monomer is an amino acid, a monosaccharide is the monomer for carbohydrates, and a nucleotide is the monomer for DNA.
How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different? (State your answer in two or more
While they are both cells types, prokaryotes have a simple structure with no organelles present. Eukaryotes have a true nucleus and organelle structures. As a result, the eukaryotes are also considerably larger than prokaryotes.
How are Bacteria and Archaea different? (State your answer in two or more complete sentences.)
Bacteria and Achaea are both simple cells with no organelle structure, and they lack a true nucleus. Archaea live in extreme conditions, such as hot springs and in the artic; they are thought to be more closely related to prokaryotes.
What is the function of mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles?
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell responsible for producing ATP. It also contains metabolic processes that yield ATP in the end.
Lysosomes degrade macromolecules–protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acids–into smaller pieces. These organelles have an acidic pH.
Vacuoles have digestive enzymes to degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, plus vacuoles function largely as storage centers.
What energy molecule is produced in the mitochondria?
atp
