Module 7 Flashcards
In what order does the body prefer to use macronutrients for energy?
carbs, fat, then protein
What is the only macronutrient available to someone in starvation? Is this a healthy state?
Protein
No
What do you look for on a food ingredient list to see if it contains trans fat?
Partially hydrogenated oil
Why can’t you trust a label that says “zero trans fat?”
Manufacturers are allowed to round to 0 if trans fat is less than half a gram per serving.
What has happened to an unsaturated fat to make trans fatty acid?
Hydrogen and carbon have switched places on one end of a double bond.
Why is trans fat the worst fat you can eat?
The human body cannot use trans fat because the molecules are shaped wrong.
What is the difference between monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat? Which kind is ALA? Which kind is oleic acid?
Monounsaturated = one double bond in each carbon chain
Polyunsaturated = 2 or more double bonds in each carbon chain
ALA = polyunsaturated fat
Oleic Acid = monounsaturated fat
Every fat is a combination of saturated and unsaturated fat.
Organize the following fats from the most saturated fat to the least:
Chicken Fat Canola Oil Fish fat Beef fat Butter Coconut oil
Coconut oil Butter Beef fat Chicken Fat Fish fat Canola Oil
what kind of omega fat is linoleic acid, what kind is alpha-linoleic and which on decreases inflammation?
linoleic acid= omega-6 fatty acid.
alpha-linoleic acid= omega-3 fatty acid.
omega-3 fatty acid decreases inflammation and is missing in the common American diet.
What dietary change may help Americans reduce the severity of diseases of civilization?
Eat less red meat and eat more ocean fish or supplement ocean fish with fish oil pills
What kind of lipoprotein traveling in the blood deposits cholesterol into the inner walls of blood vessels?
low density lipoprotein
What is the name of hard cholesterol deposits in the blood vessels?
Atherosclerosis
What kind of lipoprotein collects cholesterol and returns it to the liver?
What can be done to raise the levels of this lipoprotein
High density lipoprotein. (HDL)
HDL can be increased by reaching a healthy weight, and exercising regularly
What does bio-available mean? Which foods contain more bio-available nutrients and which foods contain less?
Bio-available means able to be used and absorbed. Food from animals contain more bio-available nutrients and vegetables contain less. cooking vegetables makes them more bio-available.
What is complete protein, give 4 examples.
complete proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids. Meat,Eggs,Fish and milk are examples
What is the general term for the 2 fatty acids that are essential for life that your body can’t make?
They are called essential fatty acids, specifically linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linoleic acid, (ALA)
What is the chemical form of a saturated fat, name a saturated fat.
the saturated fat’s carbon chain has every available space filled with hydrogen. Butter is an example.
What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no room for hydrogen, unsaturated fats do.
Describe a fatty acid, the typical form of fat in the body.
Fatty acids are carbon chains with hydrogen branches with one end containing oxygen.
How do most fatty acids travel in the blood?
3 fatty acids attach to glycerol to form a triglyceride.
What are ketone bodies?
Ketone bodies are small molecules that form when fatty acids are broken down into fuel.
What is the name for the condition of ketone bodies in the blood and acetone in the breath?
Ketosis
What sugars are used as building blocks in RNA and DNA?
Ribose and deoxyribose
What are units in protein called? What do you call 9 of these units that your body cannot make and have to be supplied?
Amino acids. the 9 are called essential amino acids.
Carbs are formed by what process going on in green plants?
photosynthesis
Why is glucose called a monosaccharide
because it is a 1-ring sugar.
Name 2 common disaccharides. is honey one?
Sucrose and lactose. Honey is not
What do we call a long chain of glucose?
Polysaccharides.
How is starch and cellulose handled differently in the digestive tract?
Cellulose passes through the digestive tract as fiber.
Starch is digested back into glucose in the small intestine.
What does training and carb loading do to glycogen granules?
Training and carb loading makes the glycogen granules last longer.
What condition can be avoided if you eat protein along with high glycimic index foods?
reactive hypoglycemia
What is removed from complex carbs when they are refined?
They lose all fibers, oils, vitamins, and minerals.
Name the 3 macro-nutrients
Carbs, Fat and Protein
What is the word for the sum total of all chemical processes going on the body?
Metabolism
What is the word for the chemical process that breaks down molecules?
Catabloism
What is the difference between digestion and respiration?
digestion breaks large molecules into smaller ones. respiration releases energy.
What are the 3 food sources for energy? How do we measure them?
carbs, fat and protein. measured in calories.
