Module 7

Question 1

In what order does the body prefer to use macronutrients for energy?

Answer 1

carbs, fat, then protein

Question 2

What is the only macronutrient available to someone in starvation? Is this a healthy state?

Answer 2

Protein

No

Question 3

What do you look for on a food ingredient list to see if it contains trans fat?

Answer 3

Partially hydrogenated oil

Question 4

Why can’t you trust a label that says “zero trans fat?”

Answer 4

Manufacturers are allowed to round to 0 if trans fat is less than half a gram per serving.

Question 5

What has happened to an unsaturated fat to make trans fatty acid?

Answer 5

Hydrogen and carbon have switched places on one end of a double bond.

Question 6

Why is trans fat the worst fat you can eat?

Answer 6

The human body cannot use trans fat because the molecules are shaped wrong.

Question 7

What is the difference between monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat? Which kind is ALA? Which kind is oleic acid?

Answer 7

Monounsaturated = one double bond in each carbon chain

Polyunsaturated = 2 or more double bonds in each carbon chain

ALA = polyunsaturated fat

Oleic Acid = monounsaturated fat

Question 8

Every fat is a combination of saturated and unsaturated fat.

Organize the following fats from the most saturated fat to the least:

Chicken Fat
Canola Oil
Fish fat
Beef fat
Butter
Coconut oil

Answer 8

Coconut oil
Butter
Beef fat
Chicken Fat
Fish fat
Canola Oil

Question 9

what kind of omega fat is linoleic acid, what kind is alpha-linoleic and which on decreases inflammation?

Answer 9

linoleic acid= omega-6 fatty acid.
alpha-linoleic acid= omega-3 fatty acid.
omega-3 fatty acid decreases inflammation and is missing in the common American diet.

Question 10

What dietary change may help Americans reduce the severity of diseases of civilization?

Answer 10

Eat less red meat and eat more ocean fish or supplement ocean fish with fish oil pills

Question 11

What kind of lipoprotein traveling in the blood deposits cholesterol into the inner walls of blood vessels?

Answer 11

low density lipoprotein

Question 12

What is the name of hard cholesterol deposits in the blood vessels?

Answer 12

Atherosclerosis

Question 13

What kind of lipoprotein collects cholesterol and returns it to the liver?
What can be done to raise the levels of this lipoprotein

Answer 13

High density lipoprotein. (HDL)

HDL can be increased by reaching a healthy weight, and exercising regularly

Question 14

What does bio-available mean? Which foods contain more bio-available nutrients and which foods contain less?

Answer 14

Bio-available means able to be used and absorbed. Food from animals contain more bio-available nutrients and vegetables contain less. cooking vegetables makes them more bio-available.

Question 15

What is complete protein, give 4 examples.

Answer 15

complete proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids. Meat,Eggs,Fish and milk are examples

Question 16

What is the general term for the 2 fatty acids that are essential for life that your body can’t make?

Answer 16

They are called essential fatty acids, specifically linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linoleic acid, (ALA)

Question 17

What is the chemical form of a saturated fat, name a saturated fat.

Answer 17

the saturated fat’s carbon chain has every available space filled with hydrogen. Butter is an example.

Question 18

What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?

Answer 18

Saturated fats have no room for hydrogen, unsaturated fats do.

Question 19

Describe a fatty acid, the typical form of fat in the body.

Answer 19

Fatty acids are carbon chains with hydrogen branches with one end containing oxygen.

Question 20

How do most fatty acids travel in the blood?

Answer 20

3 fatty acids attach to glycerol to form a triglyceride.

Question 21

What are ketone bodies?

Answer 21

Ketone bodies are small molecules that form when fatty acids are broken down into fuel.

Question 22

What is the name for the condition of ketone bodies in the blood and acetone in the breath?

Answer 22

Ketosis

Question 23

What sugars are used as building blocks in RNA and DNA?

Answer 23

Ribose and deoxyribose

Question 24

What are units in protein called? What do you call 9 of these units that your body cannot make and have to be supplied?

Answer 24

Amino acids. the 9 are called essential amino acids.

Question 25

Carbs are formed by what process going on in green plants?

Answer 25

photosynthesis

Question 26

Why is glucose called a monosaccharide

Answer 26

because it is a 1-ring sugar.

Question 27

Name 2 common disaccharides. is honey one?

Answer 27

Sucrose and lactose. Honey is not

Question 28

What do we call a long chain of glucose?

Answer 28

Polysaccharides.

Question 29

How is starch and cellulose handled differently in the digestive tract?

Answer 29

Cellulose passes through the digestive tract as fiber.

Starch is digested back into glucose in the small intestine.

Question 30

What does training and carb loading do to glycogen granules?

Answer 30

Training and carb loading makes the glycogen granules last longer.

Question 31

What condition can be avoided if you eat protein along with high glycimic index foods?

Answer 31

reactive hypoglycemia

Question 32

What is removed from complex carbs when they are refined?

Answer 32

They lose all fibers, oils, vitamins, and minerals.

Question 33

Name the 3 macro-nutrients

Answer 33

Carbs, Fat and Protein

Question 34

What is the word for the sum total of all chemical processes going on the body?

Answer 34

Metabolism

Question 35

What is the word for the chemical process that breaks down molecules?

Answer 35

Catabloism

Question 36

What is the difference between digestion and respiration?

Answer 36

digestion breaks large molecules into smaller ones. respiration releases energy.

Question 37

What are the 3 food sources for energy? How do we measure them?

Answer 37

carbs, fat and protein. measured in calories.