Module 13 Flashcards
What 4 enemies does the immune system fight?
Microorganisms, foreign substances, harmful chemicals and cancer cells
What is your integumentary system?
Your hair, skin, nails and glands for oil and sweat.
What is the epidermis
The external layer of skin
What is the epidermis made of?
Many layers of epithelial and melanocyte cells
What causes blisters
Repeated friction on the skin or extreme heat, cold or chemicals.
What is an abscess?
A bacterial infection of the skin enclosed in a pus filled sac that must be opened for relief
What is a birthmark?
A larger discoloration of skin from disorganized capillaries
What is a callus?
Thickened epidermis caused by repeated friction
What is dandruff?
Flakes of epidermal skin seen in the hair and on the shoulders
What are freckles?
Small areas of skin where the melanocytes make more melanin.
What is an ingrown toenail?
Infection in the skin that is prevented by cutting the toenail straight across.
What are moles?
Small gatherings of melanocytes that make dark spots on the skin, which are harmless if not growing.
What is a wart?
Uneven growth of the epidermis caused by a virus.
What does sunlight do?
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
What causes sunburn?
Too much exposure to UV rays in sunlight
What are nails made of?
Epidermal cells that produce hard keratin
What do nails grow from?
The nail matrix which is an area of multiplying cells
What is a hair follicle?
The structure that hair grows from.
How is hair made?
At the base, a group of matrix cells produce the hair in an extension of the dermis called the hair papilla
What is the hair shaft?
The visible part of the hair above skin
What is the root of a hair?
The part of the hair under the skin
What are goosebumps?
Reflex of the arrector pili muscles that attache to the hair follicles
What is male pattern baldness?
Permanent hair loss caused by testosterone and genetics
What is vellus hair?
Short , fine hair without pigment
What is sweat?
A coolant made of water and salt
Where does sweat come from?
Coiled sweat glands under the dermis and exits through sweat pores
What is acne?
A skin infection in the hair follicles
What causes acne?
When sebum and keratin block the surface of the skin
What can reduce acne?
Cleaning skin, taking vitamin D and getting enough sleep
What defines a 1st degree burn and what layer of skin is affected ?
Redness and swelling, epidermis effected
What defines a 2nd degree burn and what layers of the skin are effected?
Redness and blisters, epidermis and part of the dermis are effected
What defines a 3rd degree burn and what layers of the skin are effected?
Moist and bloody, all of the epidermis and dermis are effected. Skin grafting is needed
What happens when your skin gets cut?
The cut fills with blood and forms a clot. The clot then turns into a scab
What is a mucous membrane?
The thin, pink lining of body cavities that open to the outside
What is mucous?
A thick lubricating liquid that contains antibodies to fight infection
What is the most common WBC?
neutrophil, which ingests organisms using phagocytic.
What is pus made of?
Pus is made of dead neutrophils, cell parts and fluid.
What do macrophages do?
they clean up after neutrophils.
what do basophil do?
They release histamene to increase inflammation
what do eosinophil do?
they calm down inflammation caused by basophil.
what causes systematic inflammation to happen?
it occurs when the infection becomes wide-spread throughout the body.
How do you reduce a fever?
With Rest
What do antibiotics do?
they fight infection
what is lymph?
a fluid that travels through lymphatic capillaries and veins and is returned to the bloodstream.
Name 3 lymphatic tissues.
the tonsils, the thymus and the spleen.
What is an allergic reaction?
an overreaction of the immune system to an antigen.
what is an allergen?
a foreign substance that triggers the immune response in some individuals.
What is an antigen?
a foreign substance that triggers the immune response in almost everyone.
what is contact dermatitis?
the most common allergic skin reaction
What is an interferon ?
A chemical released by a virus-infected cell that interferes with virus replication.
What is adaptive immunity?
The sophisticated immune response of the body to invaders that it has seen before.
What does adaptive immunity rely on?
B cell and T cell lymphocytes. Every lymphocyte doesn’t attack every antigen.
What do memory cells do?
they patrol the blood and the lymphatic system looking for their matched antigens.
What do B cell lymphocytes do?
they attack antigens that are outside cells
What do T cell lymphocytes do?
they destroy your own cells that are in trouble
What is immunity?
When a person has memory cells for a certain disease.
Define A positive
A= clumped
B= not clumped
D=clumped
Define B negative
A= not clumped B= clumped D= not clumped
Define AB positive
A= clumped B= clumped D= clumped
Define O negative
A= not clumped B= not clumped D= not clumped
What is antiserum?
a concentration of antibodies for that condition.
What is antivenin?
an antibody solution against venom
what is antitoxin?
A antibody solution against poison
Where do T cells mature?
In the Thymus
What does the cytotoxic T cell do?
It punctures an enemy’s cell membrane, injects toxins into the cell and then destroys it
What does the helper T cell do?
it helps increase destruction
What does the regulator T cell do?
It slows down the attack
What is a virus?
it is not a cell but is made of DNA or RNA covered in protein.
what does a virus do?
It injects itself into a host cell and replicates
How is a virus prevented?
T cells identify antigens of the virus on the infected cell’s membrane and destroy the infected cell before it spreads.
what is a cancer cell?
a body cell that replicates without restraint
How is cancer stopped by the body?
A T cell will recognize a cancer cell and destroy it.
What can be done to prevent cancer?
a healthy lifestyle, good nutrition, exercise and weight control
Name three ways cancer is treated?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation
What is transplant rejection?
the immune attack on transplanted tissue because it is foreign
What is autoimmune disease?
the immune attack on normal body cells that are seen by the immune cells as foreign
What is a vaccine?
a solution of harmless antigens from a dangerous disease that are injected into the body
What is a carrier?
someone who has a transmittable form of a disease and is contagious
