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Health > Module 13 > Flashcards

Module 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 enemies does the immune system fight?

A

Microorganisms, foreign substances, harmful chemicals and cancer cells

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2
Q

What is your integumentary system?

A

Your hair, skin, nails and glands for oil and sweat.

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3
Q

What is the epidermis

A

The external layer of skin

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4
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Many layers of epithelial and melanocyte cells

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5
Q

What causes blisters

A

Repeated friction on the skin or extreme heat, cold or chemicals.

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6
Q

What is an abscess?

A

A bacterial infection of the skin enclosed in a pus filled sac that must be opened for relief

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7
Q

What is a birthmark?

A

A larger discoloration of skin from disorganized capillaries

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8
Q

What is a callus?

A

Thickened epidermis caused by repeated friction

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9
Q

What is dandruff?

A

Flakes of epidermal skin seen in the hair and on the shoulders

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10
Q

What are freckles?

A

Small areas of skin where the melanocytes make more melanin.

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11
Q

What is an ingrown toenail?

A

Infection in the skin that is prevented by cutting the toenail straight across.

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12
Q

What are moles?

A

Small gatherings of melanocytes that make dark spots on the skin, which are harmless if not growing.

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13
Q

What is a wart?

A

Uneven growth of the epidermis caused by a virus.

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14
Q

What does sunlight do?

A

Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

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15
Q

What causes sunburn?

A

Too much exposure to UV rays in sunlight

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16
Q

What are nails made of?

A

Epidermal cells that produce hard keratin

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17
Q

What do nails grow from?

A

The nail matrix which is an area of multiplying cells

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18
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

The structure that hair grows from.

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19
Q

How is hair made?

A

At the base, a group of matrix cells produce the hair in an extension of the dermis called the hair papilla

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20
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

The visible part of the hair above skin

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21
Q

What is the root of a hair?

A

The part of the hair under the skin

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22
Q

What are goosebumps?

A

Reflex of the arrector pili muscles that attache to the hair follicles

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23
Q

What is male pattern baldness?

A

Permanent hair loss caused by testosterone and genetics

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24
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

Short , fine hair without pigment

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25
Q

What is sweat?

A

A coolant made of water and salt

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26
Q

Where does sweat come from?

A

Coiled sweat glands under the dermis and exits through sweat pores

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27
Q

What is acne?

A

A skin infection in the hair follicles

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28
Q

What causes acne?

A

When sebum and keratin block the surface of the skin

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29
Q

What can reduce acne?

A

Cleaning skin, taking vitamin D and getting enough sleep

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30
Q

What defines a 1st degree burn and what layer of skin is affected ?

A

Redness and swelling, epidermis effected

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31
Q

What defines a 2nd degree burn and what layers of the skin are effected?

A

Redness and blisters, epidermis and part of the dermis are effected

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32
Q

What defines a 3rd degree burn and what layers of the skin are effected?

A

Moist and bloody, all of the epidermis and dermis are effected. Skin grafting is needed

33
Q

What happens when your skin gets cut?

A

The cut fills with blood and forms a clot. The clot then turns into a scab

34
Q

What is a mucous membrane?

A

The thin, pink lining of body cavities that open to the outside

35
Q

What is mucous?

A

A thick lubricating liquid that contains antibodies to fight infection

36
Q

What is the most common WBC?

A

neutrophil, which ingests organisms using phagocytic.

37
Q

What is pus made of?

A

Pus is made of dead neutrophils, cell parts and fluid.

38
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

they clean up after neutrophils.

39
Q

what do basophil do?

A

They release histamene to increase inflammation

40
Q

what do eosinophil do?

A

they calm down inflammation caused by basophil.

41
Q

what causes systematic inflammation to happen?

A

it occurs when the infection becomes wide-spread throughout the body.

42
Q

How do you reduce a fever?

A

With Rest

43
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

they fight infection

44
Q

what is lymph?

A

a fluid that travels through lymphatic capillaries and veins and is returned to the bloodstream.

45
Q

Name 3 lymphatic tissues.

A

the tonsils, the thymus and the spleen.

46
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

an overreaction of the immune system to an antigen.

47
Q

what is an allergen?

A

a foreign substance that triggers the immune response in some individuals.

48
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a foreign substance that triggers the immune response in almost everyone.

49
Q

what is contact dermatitis?

A

the most common allergic skin reaction

50
Q

What is an interferon ?

A

A chemical released by a virus-infected cell that interferes with virus replication.

51
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

The sophisticated immune response of the body to invaders that it has seen before.

52
Q

What does adaptive immunity rely on?

A

B cell and T cell lymphocytes. Every lymphocyte doesn’t attack every antigen.

53
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

they patrol the blood and the lymphatic system looking for their matched antigens.

54
Q

What do B cell lymphocytes do?

A

they attack antigens that are outside cells

55
Q

What do T cell lymphocytes do?

A

they destroy your own cells that are in trouble

56
Q

What is immunity?

A

When a person has memory cells for a certain disease.

57
Q

Define A positive

A

A= clumped
B= not clumped
D=clumped

58
Q

Define B negative

A 
A= not clumped
B= clumped
D= not clumped
59
Q

Define AB positive

A 
A= clumped
B= clumped
D= clumped
60
Q

Define O negative

A 
A= not clumped
B= not clumped
D= not clumped
61
Q

What is antiserum?

A

a concentration of antibodies for that condition.

62
Q

What is antivenin?

A

an antibody solution against venom

63
Q

what is antitoxin?

A

A antibody solution against poison

64
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the Thymus

65
Q

What does the cytotoxic T cell do?

A

It punctures an enemy’s cell membrane, injects toxins into the cell and then destroys it

66
Q

What does the helper T cell do?

A

it helps increase destruction

67
Q

What does the regulator T cell do?

A

It slows down the attack

68
Q

What is a virus?

A

it is not a cell but is made of DNA or RNA covered in protein.

69
Q

what does a virus do?

A

It injects itself into a host cell and replicates

70
Q

How is a virus prevented?

A

T cells identify antigens of the virus on the infected cell’s membrane and destroy the infected cell before it spreads.

71
Q

what is a cancer cell?

A

a body cell that replicates without restraint

72
Q

How is cancer stopped by the body?

A

A T cell will recognize a cancer cell and destroy it.

73
Q

What can be done to prevent cancer?

A

a healthy lifestyle, good nutrition, exercise and weight control

74
Q

Name three ways cancer is treated?

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation

75
Q

What is transplant rejection?

A

the immune attack on transplanted tissue because it is foreign

76
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

the immune attack on normal body cells that are seen by the immune cells as foreign

77
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

a solution of harmless antigens from a dangerous disease that are injected into the body

78
Q

What is a carrier?

A

someone who has a transmittable form of a disease and is contagious

Health (6 decks)

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