Module 6 Test

Question 1

Noble gases have stable electron arrangements and therefore seldom form compounds. The stable electron arrangements include a ______ outer energy level and ______ potential energy than other arrangements.

Answer 1

Full, lower

Question 2

Metals and nonmetals gain stability by losing or gaining electrons to form ions with stable valence electron configurations. This type of bonding is called ______ bonding.

Answer 2

Ionic

Question 3

Whether by transferring or sharing valence electrons, atoms can acquire the stable electron configuration of ______ gases to become more ______.

Answer 3

Noble, stable

Question 4

The chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons is called a(n) ?

Answer 4

Covalent bond

Question 5

What is formed when two or more atoms bond covalently?

Answer 5

Molecule

Question 6

Which group of elements do not tend to form new compounds because they have stable electron arrangements?

Answer 6

Noble gases

Question 7

Metals and nonmetals gain stability by losing or gaining electrons to form ions. The resulting ions are stable because their valence electron configurations are like the ______ gases. From the octet rule you know that atoms with a configuration of ______ valence electrons are stable.

Answer 7

Noble, eight

Question 8

Which are characteristics of covalent bonding?

Answer 8

The majority of covalent bonds form between atoms of nonmetallic elements.

The shared electrons are considered to be part of the outer energy levels of both atoms involved.

Question 9

True or false: Sharing valence electrons is one way atoms can acquire the stable electron configuration of the noble gases.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Which is the chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons?

Answer 10

covalent bond

Question 11

Diatomic molecules, such as chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2), and iodine (I2), form when two atoms of each element ______ their electrons. They exist in this form because the two-atom molecules are more ______ than the individual atoms.

Answer 11

Share, stable

Question 12

The most stable arrangement of atoms in a covalent bond exists at some optimal distance between the two nuclei. At this point, the net attraction is ______ than the net repulsion.

Answer 12

Greater

Question 13

Which is not a characteristic of covalent bonding?

Answer 13

Covalent bonding generally occurs between elements that are far from each other on the periodic table.

Question 14

Fluorine exists as a diatomic molecule because ______.

Answer 14

the sharing of one pair of electrons gives each fluorine atom a stable noble-gas configuration

Question 15

Which are true of the single covalent bond in a hydrogen molecule?

Answer 15

Each hydrogen atom has the noble-gas configuration of helium (1s2).

Each covalently bonded atom equally attracts the pair of shared electrons.

The two shared electrons belong to each atom simultaneously.

Question 16

Two fluorine atoms share electrons to form the diatomic molecule F2 because the molecule ______.

Answer 16

is more stable than the individual atoms

Question 17

Which forces act as two atoms approach each other?

Answer 17

a force of repulsion between each atom’s electrons

a force of repulsion between each atom’s protons

a force of attraction between one atom’s protons and the other atom’s electrons

Question 18

A model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules is called a _____ ______. Lines or pairs of dots between the element symbols represent ______ pairs of electrons.

Answer 18

Lewis, structure, bonding

Question 19

Which bond is present in a hydrogen molecule (H2)?

Answer 19

a single covalent bond that results from the atoms sharing one pair of electrons

Question 20

Atoms of group 17 elements form ______ covalent bonds with atoms of other nonmetals.

Answer 20

single

Question 21

Which is a model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules?

Answer 21

Lewis structure

Question 22

The halogens, which are the group 17 elements, tend to form a ______ covalent bond with atoms of other elements.

Answer 22

Single

Question 23

The single covalent bond that forms when an electron pair is shared by the direct overlap of bonding orbitals is called a _____ ______.

Answer 23

Sigma bond

Question 24

Sigma bonds can form from which type of orbital overlap?

Answer 24

Two p orbitals overlap end-to-end.

An s orbital overlaps with a p orbital.

An s orbital overlaps with another s orbital.

Question 25

In order to obtain a noble-gas electron configuration, some atoms share more than one pair of electrons with one or more atoms. Sharing more than one pair of electrons forms ______ covalent bonds.

Answer 25

Multiple

Question 26

Which is the single covalent bond that forms when an electron pair is shared with the valence atomic orbitals overlapping end-to-end?

Answer 26

Sigma bonds

Question 27

When do pi bonds form?

Answer 27

Pi bonds form in multiple covalent bonds when parallel orbitals overlap.

Question 28

When two atoms share electrons in a sigma bond, how do their valence atomic orbitals overlap?

Answer 28

end-to-end

Question 29

In general, the number of valence electrons needed to form a(n) ______ equals the number of covalent bonds that can form.

Answer 29

Octect

Question 30

A double covalent bond forms when ______ pairs of electrons are shared between _____ atoms.

Answer 30

Two, two

Question 31

When atoms share multiple pairs of electrons, multiple covalent bonds form. _____ covalent bonds and ____ covalent bonds are examples of multiple bonds.

Answer 31

Double, triple

Question 32

A triple covalent bond forms when _____ pairs of electrons are shared between _____ atoms.

Answer 32

Three, two

Question 33

When parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons a(n) ___ bond forms.

Answer 33

Pi

Question 34

In general, the number of valence electrons needed to form an octet is ______ the number of covalent bonds that can form.

Answer 34

Equal to

Question 35

A double covalent bond forms when ______.

Answer 35

two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

Question 36

Which is the type of covalent bond that forms when a shared electron pair occupies the space above and below the line that represents where the two atoms are joined together?

Answer 36

pi

Question 37

A double covalent bond consists of ___ pi bond(s) and ___ sigma bond(s). A triple covalent bond consists of ____ pi bond(s) and ____ sigma bond(s).

Answer 37

One, one, two, one

Question 38

Which is a bond that is formed when parallel orbitals overlap, concentrating the shared electrons above and below the line directly between the bonding atoms?

Answer 38

pi bond

Question 39

True or false: It is equally easy to upset the balance of forces in all covalent bonds, causing the bond to break.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

The distance between the two bonded nuclei at the position of maximum attraction is called ____ _____.

Answer 40

Bond length

Question 41

The type of covalent bond that forms when a shared electron pair occupies the space above and below the line that represents where the two atoms are joined together is called a ____ bond.

Answer 41

Pi

Question 42

Order the bond type from shortest to longest bond length.

Answer 42

Triple covalent
Double covalent
Single covalent

Question 43

Which are true of multiple covalent bonds?

Answer 43

A double covalent bond consists of one pi bond and one sigma bond.

Molecules having multiple covalent bonds contain both sigma bonds and pi bonds.

Question 44

A covalent bond involves attractive and repulsive forces. In a molecule, nuclei and electrons _____ each other, but nuclei ____ other nuclei, and electrons ____ other electrons. When this balance of forces is upset, a covalent bond can be broken.

Answer 44

Attract, repel, repel

Question 45

Which factors determine bond length?

Answer 45

the sizes of the two atoms

the number of electron pairs shared

Question 46

The shorter the bond length, the _____ the bond. Therefore, a single bond, such as that in F2, is ____ than a double bond, such as that in O2. Likewise, the double bond in O2 is _____ than the triple bond in N2.

Answer 46

Stronger, weaker, weaker

Question 47

An energy change occurs when a bond between atoms in a molecule forms or breaks. Energy is _____ when a bond forms, but energy must be _____ to break a bond.

Answer 47

Released, added

Question 48

The amount of energy required to break a specific covalent bond is called bond- ____ energy.

Answer 48

dissociation

Question 49

Order the bond types from weakest to strongest.

Answer 49

Single covalent
Double covalent
Triple covalent

Question 50

Order the bond types from smallest to largest bond-dissociation energy.

Answer 50

Single covalent
Double covalent
Triple covalent

Question 51

Bond-dissociation energy indicates the strength of a chemical bond. The stronger the bond the _____ the bond-dissociation energy.

Answer 51

Greater

Question 52

Which type of reaction occurs when a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds in the reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the products?

Answer 52

endothermic

Question 53

When more energy is released during product bond formation than is required to break bonds in the reactants, the reaction is a(n) ______ ______.

Answer 53

Exothermic reaction

Question 54

When a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds in the reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the products, the reaction is an ______ _____.

Answer 54

Endothermic reaction