Module 6 Test Flashcards
Noble gases have stable electron arrangements and therefore seldom form compounds. The stable electron arrangements include a ______ outer energy level and ______ potential energy than other arrangements.
Full, lower
Metals and nonmetals gain stability by losing or gaining electrons to form ions with stable valence electron configurations. This type of bonding is called ______ bonding.
Ionic
Whether by transferring or sharing valence electrons, atoms can acquire the stable electron configuration of ______ gases to become more ______.
Noble, stable
The chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons is called a(n) ?
Covalent bond
What is formed when two or more atoms bond covalently?
Molecule
Which group of elements do not tend to form new compounds because they have stable electron arrangements?
Noble gases
Metals and nonmetals gain stability by losing or gaining electrons to form ions. The resulting ions are stable because their valence electron configurations are like the ______ gases. From the octet rule you know that atoms with a configuration of ______ valence electrons are stable.
Noble, eight
Which are characteristics of covalent bonding?
The majority of covalent bonds form between atoms of nonmetallic elements.
The shared electrons are considered to be part of the outer energy levels of both atoms involved.
True or false: Sharing valence electrons is one way atoms can acquire the stable electron configuration of the noble gases.
True
Which is the chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons?
covalent bond
Diatomic molecules, such as chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2), and iodine (I2), form when two atoms of each element ______ their electrons. They exist in this form because the two-atom molecules are more ______ than the individual atoms.
Share, stable
The most stable arrangement of atoms in a covalent bond exists at some optimal distance between the two nuclei. At this point, the net attraction is ______ than the net repulsion.
Greater
Which is not a characteristic of covalent bonding?
Covalent bonding generally occurs between elements that are far from each other on the periodic table.
Fluorine exists as a diatomic molecule because ______.
the sharing of one pair of electrons gives each fluorine atom a stable noble-gas configuration
Which are true of the single covalent bond in a hydrogen molecule?
Each hydrogen atom has the noble-gas configuration of helium (1s2).
Each covalently bonded atom equally attracts the pair of shared electrons.
The two shared electrons belong to each atom simultaneously.
Two fluorine atoms share electrons to form the diatomic molecule F2 because the molecule ______.
is more stable than the individual atoms
Which forces act as two atoms approach each other?
a force of repulsion between each atom’s electrons
a force of repulsion between each atom’s protons
a force of attraction between one atom’s protons and the other atom’s electrons
A model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules is called a _____ ______. Lines or pairs of dots between the element symbols represent ______ pairs of electrons.
Lewis, structure, bonding
Which bond is present in a hydrogen molecule (H2)?
a single covalent bond that results from the atoms sharing one pair of electrons
Atoms of group 17 elements form ______ covalent bonds with atoms of other nonmetals.
single
Which is a model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules?
Lewis structure
The halogens, which are the group 17 elements, tend to form a ______ covalent bond with atoms of other elements.
Single
The single covalent bond that forms when an electron pair is shared by the direct overlap of bonding orbitals is called a _____ ______.
Sigma bond
Sigma bonds can form from which type of orbital overlap?
Two p orbitals overlap end-to-end.
An s orbital overlaps with a p orbital.
An s orbital overlaps with another s orbital.
In order to obtain a noble-gas electron configuration, some atoms share more than one pair of electrons with one or more atoms. Sharing more than one pair of electrons forms ______ covalent bonds.
Multiple
Which is the single covalent bond that forms when an electron pair is shared with the valence atomic orbitals overlapping end-to-end?
Sigma bonds
When do pi bonds form?
Pi bonds form in multiple covalent bonds when parallel orbitals overlap.
When two atoms share electrons in a sigma bond, how do their valence atomic orbitals overlap?
end-to-end
In general, the number of valence electrons needed to form a(n) ______ equals the number of covalent bonds that can form.
Octect
A double covalent bond forms when ______ pairs of electrons are shared between _____ atoms.
Two, two
When atoms share multiple pairs of electrons, multiple covalent bonds form. _____ covalent bonds and ____ covalent bonds are examples of multiple bonds.
Double, triple
A triple covalent bond forms when _____ pairs of electrons are shared between _____ atoms.
Three, two
When parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons a(n) ___ bond forms.
Pi
In general, the number of valence electrons needed to form an octet is ______ the number of covalent bonds that can form.
Equal to
A double covalent bond forms when ______.
two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
Which is the type of covalent bond that forms when a shared electron pair occupies the space above and below the line that represents where the two atoms are joined together?
pi
A double covalent bond consists of ___ pi bond(s) and ___ sigma bond(s). A triple covalent bond consists of ____ pi bond(s) and ____ sigma bond(s).
One, one, two, one
Which is a bond that is formed when parallel orbitals overlap, concentrating the shared electrons above and below the line directly between the bonding atoms?
pi bond
True or false: It is equally easy to upset the balance of forces in all covalent bonds, causing the bond to break.
False
The distance between the two bonded nuclei at the position of maximum attraction is called ____ _____.
Bond length
The type of covalent bond that forms when a shared electron pair occupies the space above and below the line that represents where the two atoms are joined together is called a ____ bond.
Pi
Order the bond type from shortest to longest bond length.
Triple covalent
Double covalent
Single covalent
Which are true of multiple covalent bonds?
A double covalent bond consists of one pi bond and one sigma bond.
Molecules having multiple covalent bonds contain both sigma bonds and pi bonds.
A covalent bond involves attractive and repulsive forces. In a molecule, nuclei and electrons _____ each other, but nuclei ____ other nuclei, and electrons ____ other electrons. When this balance of forces is upset, a covalent bond can be broken.
Attract, repel, repel
Which factors determine bond length?
the sizes of the two atoms
the number of electron pairs shared
The shorter the bond length, the _____ the bond. Therefore, a single bond, such as that in F2, is ____ than a double bond, such as that in O2. Likewise, the double bond in O2 is _____ than the triple bond in N2.
Stronger, weaker, weaker
An energy change occurs when a bond between atoms in a molecule forms or breaks. Energy is _____ when a bond forms, but energy must be _____ to break a bond.
Released, added
The amount of energy required to break a specific covalent bond is called bond- ____ energy.
dissociation
Order the bond types from weakest to strongest.
Single covalent
Double covalent
Triple covalent
Order the bond types from smallest to largest bond-dissociation energy.
Single covalent
Double covalent
Triple covalent
Bond-dissociation energy indicates the strength of a chemical bond. The stronger the bond the _____ the bond-dissociation energy.
Greater
Which type of reaction occurs when a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds in the reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the products?
endothermic
When more energy is released during product bond formation than is required to break bonds in the reactants, the reaction is a(n) ______ ______.
Exothermic reaction
When a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds in the reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the products, the reaction is an ______ _____.
Endothermic reaction
