Module 6: Respiratory Disorders

Question 1

Dyspnea

Answer 1

Discomfort in breathing (shortness of breath)

Question 2

Orthopnea

Answer 2

Discomfort in breathing while lying down

Question 3

PND

Answer 3

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - waking up at night unable to breathe normally

Question 4

Hemoptysis

Answer 4

Coughing up blood

Question 5

Cyanosis

Answer 5

Bluish pigment of skin and mucous membranes due to increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood

Question 6

Clubbing

Answer 6

Selective bulbous enlargement at the end of a finger

Question 7

Hypercapnia/hypercarbnia

Answer 7

Increased amount of arterial carbon dioxide

Question 8

Hypoxemia

Answer 8

Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

Question 9

Hypoxia

Answer 9

Reduced oxygen supply to tissues

Question 10

V/Q ratio

Answer 10

Refers to the ratio of air reaching the alveoli (ventilation) and the blood that the alveoli receives via capillaries (perfusion)

Question 11

Physiological right to left shunt

Answer 11

Blood moving through unventilated parts of the lungs so no GAS EXCHANGE occurs between alveoli and the blood. Basically, blood moves from the right ventricle, to the lungs, then to left ventricle without being oxygenated

Question 12

Flail chest

Answer 12

Chest moves in with inspiration and out with expiration (paradoxical movement) caused by trauma to chest that fractures consecutive ribs

Question 13

Pneumothorax

Answer 13

Presence of air in the pleural cavity caused by a rupture in visceral or parietal pleura

Question 14

Pleural effusion

Answer 14

Excess fluid in the pleural space

Question 15

Empyema

Answer 15

Infected pleural effusion

Question 16

Atelectasis

Answer 16

Collapse of lung tissue

Question 17

Pulmonary embolism

Answer 17

Occlusion of a portion of a pulmonary vascular bed by an EMBOLUS

Question 18

Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 18

Elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure

Question 19

Cor pulmonale

Answer 19

Right heart failure caused by lung disease

Question 20

COPD

Answer 20

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder - characterized by airway obstruction that caused difficult EXHALATION (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)

Question 21

Air trapping

Answer 21

Difficulty to move air out during exhalation

Question 22

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 22

Hypersecretion of mucous and productive cough for 3 months for at least 2 consecutive years

Question 23

Emphysema

Answer 23

Loss of LUNG ELASTICITY and abnormal enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal BRONCHIOLES with destruction of alveoli walls and capillaries

Question 24

Pink puffer

Answer 24

Term used to describe those who suffer from emphysema. Starts off with less hypoxemia because they can still get adequate oxygen but must use accessory respiratory muscles

Question 25

Blue bloater

Answer 25

Those who suffer from chronic bronchitis, blood is not well oxygenated hence the blue, bloater refers to edema caused by eventual right heart failure

Question 26

ARDS

Answer 26

Acute respiratory distress syndrome -severe form of acute lung injury involving inflammation of the lungs and injury to alveolocapillary membrane

Question 27

Acute respiratory failure

Answer 27

Inadequate gas exchange leading to: lower PaO2 levels, higher PaCO2 levels and pH higher than 7.30

Question 28

Hypoxemic respiratory failure

Answer 28

Respiratory failure due to failure of gas exchange in the lungs (from V/Q mismatch)

Question 29

Hypercapnic/hypoxemic respiratory failure

Answer 29

Respiratory failure due to problems with VENTILATION

Question 30

Croup

Answer 30

Barking cough

Question 31

Stridor

Answer 31

Wheezing sound during inspiration indicates obstruction in upper respiratory tract

Question 32

Retraction

Answer 32

Indentations in skin around ribs and sternum, indicating chronic use of accessory respiratory muscles to breathe