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Pathophysiology (Porth) > Module 1: Inflammation & Healing > Flashcards

Module 1: Inflammation & Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology

A

The cause (or set of causes) of the disease

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The development of a disease

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3
Q

Idiopathic

A

Cause of disease is unknown

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4
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Disease caused by medical treatment

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5
Q

Remission

A

A decrease in severity of symptoms of a disease

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6
Q

Exacerbation

A

An increase in severity of symptoms of a disease

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7
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size

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8
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

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9
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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10
Q

Metaplasia

A

The replacement of one cell by a new cell, typically less differentiated in order to adapt to new conditions. Function of older cell is replaced

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11
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal hyperplasia. Abnormal changes in cell shape, size, and organization of mature cells

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12
Q

Hypoxia

A

Decrease in OXYGEN supply to cells/tissue (think frostbite)

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13
Q

Ischemia

A

Decrease of BLOOD supply to cells in ONE area (think thrombotic stroke)

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14
Q

Reactive oxygen species

A

Byproducts of normal cellular metabolism of OXYGEN that can be damaging to cell structures if levels of it is too high

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15
Q

Coagulation necrosis

A

A type of cell death usually caused by hypoxia that leads to protein denaturation causing the dead tissues to become hard and firm

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16
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

A type of cell death commonly caused by ischemia where hydrolytic enzymes are released from the cells that digest the tissue, becoming soft and liquid-y (brain)

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17
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

A type of cell death that is a combination of protein denaturation due to hypoxia, and release of hydrolytic enzymes that results from ischemic injury, tissue appears soft and partially digested and granular

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18
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Type of cell death where LIPASES are release which turn fat into glycerol and fatty acids, combining with ions (like calcium in bones) to form SOAP. Tissue appears white and opaque like soap

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19
Q

Dry gangrene

A

Localized cell death and decomposition due to coagulation necrosis. Characterized by dark, dry, wrinkled tissues due to lack of BLOOD supply (ischemia)

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20
Q

Wet gangrene

A

Localized cell death due to liquefactive necrosis, “wet” because of presence of neutrophils trying to battle bacterial infection. Characterized by cold, swollen, foul smelling because of bacteria

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21
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Localized cell death where Clostridium species of bacteria is present, releasing enzymes that destroy tissue and cause bubbles of gas to form

22
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death that may be normal or pathological. No ATP required, single cell death, no inflammation

23
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Body’s second line of defence in response to tissue injury that is short induration (mins to days), has exudate, and WBC present are usually neutrophils

24
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Body’s second line of defence in response to tissue damage that is longer in duration (days to years), had fibrosis instead of exudate, WBCs present are mainly lymphocytes and macrophages

25
Q

Mast cell

A

Type of granulocyte that releases granules rich in histamine to blood and tissues in response to cellular injury or during a hypersensitivity reaction

26
Q

Complement system

A

Cascade activation of proteins already present in blood that kill pathogens, or speed up rate of inflammatory response (opsonization)

27
Q

Histamine

A

Chemical that is released by cells in response to cell injury or hypersensitivity reaction that caused dilation of capillaries, and contraction of smooth muscles and capillary permeability

28
Q

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

Idk yet

29
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins found in many cell types that allow cells to communicate with each other to produce an effective inflammatory response

30
Q

Chemokines

A

Type of cytokine (protein that allow cells to communicate with one another in order to achieve an effective inflammatory response) that mainly functions to attract white blood cells to site of infection

31
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of cells along a chemical gradient

32
Q

Serous exudate

A

Fluid that moves from the blood vessels to the tissues that has low protein content (because vessel is just slightly permeable) indicating MILD inflammation

33
Q

Fibrinous exudate

A

Fluid from blood vessels to tissues that contains more protein (fibrin) and is usually sticky. Vessel is more permeable indicating greater inflammation

34
Q

Purulent exudate

A

“Pus”, fluid that comes from blood vessels to tissue that is filled with neutrophils, some protein and debris, indicates more severe inflammation and infection

35
Q

Hemorrhagic exudate

A

Fluid from blood vessels to tissue containing red blood cells (severe inflammation: necrosis of vessels, severe leakage)

36
Q

Shift to the left

A

A phrase that is used to describe an increased amount of YOUNG neutrophils in the body (indicates presence of infection or inflammation)

37
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

Occurs when the immune response cannot remove certain particles, leading to macrophages and lymphocytes to surround the foreign substance but unable to get rid of

38
Q

Regeneration

A

Injured tissue is able to return to its original structure and function

39
Q

Replacement

A

Scar tissue takes the place of destroyed tissue, losing its original structure and function

40
Q

Labile cells

A

Cells that are continually dividing (epithelial tissue and bone marrow cells)

41
Q

Stable cells

A

Normally stop dividing when growth stops, but can regenerate if stimulated (liver, kidney, smooth muscle, vascular endothelial cells)

42
Q

Fixed (permanent) cells

A

Cells that cannot regenerate-will be replaced with scar tissue (nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells)

43
Q

Granulation tissue

A

A new vascular tissue that forms during the proliferation phase of the healing process. Contains blood vessels, fibroblasts and collagen

44
Q

Healing by primary intention

A

Process of wound returning to normal where not much sealing or filling in is required (occurs with clean incisions)

45
Q

Healing by secondary intention

A

Wound with greater loss of tissue that would require more sealing, filling in, and contraction. Results in larger scars

46
Q

Adhesions

A

A problem with healing that can (typically) occur after surgery. Excessive fibrin leads to fibrinous tissue sticking to organs and restricts movement

47
Q

Keloid scar

A

A problem with wound healing where excessive healing where tissue grows beyond the wound’s boundaries

48
Q

Contracture

A

Excessive contraction of the wound causing deformity and restricted movement

49
Q

Dehiscence

A

Wound disruption in a sutured wound where the wound is pulled apart along the suture line

50
Q

Fistula

A

An abnormal passage way between two structures that are not supposed to be there (can occur from disease or after surgery)

51
Q

Strictures

A

Narrowing of passageway (urethral, esophageal) caused by inflammatory process or scar tissue

Pathophysiology (Porth) (7 decks)

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