Module 1: Inflammation & Healing Flashcards
Etiology
The cause (or set of causes) of the disease
Pathogenesis
The development of a disease
Idiopathic
Cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic
Disease caused by medical treatment
Remission
A decrease in severity of symptoms of a disease
Exacerbation
An increase in severity of symptoms of a disease
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
Metaplasia
The replacement of one cell by a new cell, typically less differentiated in order to adapt to new conditions. Function of older cell is replaced
Dysplasia
Abnormal hyperplasia. Abnormal changes in cell shape, size, and organization of mature cells
Hypoxia
Decrease in OXYGEN supply to cells/tissue (think frostbite)
Ischemia
Decrease of BLOOD supply to cells in ONE area (think thrombotic stroke)
Reactive oxygen species
Byproducts of normal cellular metabolism of OXYGEN that can be damaging to cell structures if levels of it is too high
Coagulation necrosis
A type of cell death usually caused by hypoxia that leads to protein denaturation causing the dead tissues to become hard and firm
Liquefactive necrosis
A type of cell death commonly caused by ischemia where hydrolytic enzymes are released from the cells that digest the tissue, becoming soft and liquid-y (brain)
Caseous necrosis
A type of cell death that is a combination of protein denaturation due to hypoxia, and release of hydrolytic enzymes that results from ischemic injury, tissue appears soft and partially digested and granular
Fat necrosis
Type of cell death where LIPASES are release which turn fat into glycerol and fatty acids, combining with ions (like calcium in bones) to form SOAP. Tissue appears white and opaque like soap
Dry gangrene
Localized cell death and decomposition due to coagulation necrosis. Characterized by dark, dry, wrinkled tissues due to lack of BLOOD supply (ischemia)
Wet gangrene
Localized cell death due to liquefactive necrosis, “wet” because of presence of neutrophils trying to battle bacterial infection. Characterized by cold, swollen, foul smelling because of bacteria
Gas gangrene
Localized cell death where Clostridium species of bacteria is present, releasing enzymes that destroy tissue and cause bubbles of gas to form
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that may be normal or pathological. No ATP required, single cell death, no inflammation
Acute inflammation
Body’s second line of defence in response to tissue injury that is short induration (mins to days), has exudate, and WBC present are usually neutrophils
Chronic inflammation
Body’s second line of defence in response to tissue damage that is longer in duration (days to years), had fibrosis instead of exudate, WBCs present are mainly lymphocytes and macrophages
Mast cell
Type of granulocyte that releases granules rich in histamine to blood and tissues in response to cellular injury or during a hypersensitivity reaction
Complement system
Cascade activation of proteins already present in blood that kill pathogens, or speed up rate of inflammatory response (opsonization)
Histamine
Chemical that is released by cells in response to cell injury or hypersensitivity reaction that caused dilation of capillaries, and contraction of smooth muscles and capillary permeability
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Idk yet
Cytokines
Proteins found in many cell types that allow cells to communicate with each other to produce an effective inflammatory response
Chemokines
Type of cytokine (protein that allow cells to communicate with one another in order to achieve an effective inflammatory response) that mainly functions to attract white blood cells to site of infection
Chemotaxis
Movement of cells along a chemical gradient
Serous exudate
Fluid that moves from the blood vessels to the tissues that has low protein content (because vessel is just slightly permeable) indicating MILD inflammation
Fibrinous exudate
Fluid from blood vessels to tissues that contains more protein (fibrin) and is usually sticky. Vessel is more permeable indicating greater inflammation
Purulent exudate
“Pus”, fluid that comes from blood vessels to tissue that is filled with neutrophils, some protein and debris, indicates more severe inflammation and infection
Hemorrhagic exudate
Fluid from blood vessels to tissue containing red blood cells (severe inflammation: necrosis of vessels, severe leakage)
Shift to the left
A phrase that is used to describe an increased amount of YOUNG neutrophils in the body (indicates presence of infection or inflammation)
Granulomatous inflammation
Occurs when the immune response cannot remove certain particles, leading to macrophages and lymphocytes to surround the foreign substance but unable to get rid of
Regeneration
Injured tissue is able to return to its original structure and function
Replacement
Scar tissue takes the place of destroyed tissue, losing its original structure and function
Labile cells
Cells that are continually dividing (epithelial tissue and bone marrow cells)
Stable cells
Normally stop dividing when growth stops, but can regenerate if stimulated (liver, kidney, smooth muscle, vascular endothelial cells)
Fixed (permanent) cells
Cells that cannot regenerate-will be replaced with scar tissue (nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells)
Granulation tissue
A new vascular tissue that forms during the proliferation phase of the healing process. Contains blood vessels, fibroblasts and collagen
Healing by primary intention
Process of wound returning to normal where not much sealing or filling in is required (occurs with clean incisions)
Healing by secondary intention
Wound with greater loss of tissue that would require more sealing, filling in, and contraction. Results in larger scars
Adhesions
A problem with healing that can (typically) occur after surgery. Excessive fibrin leads to fibrinous tissue sticking to organs and restricts movement
Keloid scar
A problem with wound healing where excessive healing where tissue grows beyond the wound’s boundaries
Contracture
Excessive contraction of the wound causing deformity and restricted movement
Dehiscence
Wound disruption in a sutured wound where the wound is pulled apart along the suture line
Fistula
An abnormal passage way between two structures that are not supposed to be there (can occur from disease or after surgery)
Strictures
Narrowing of passageway (urethral, esophageal) caused by inflammatory process or scar tissue
