Module 5: Cardiovascular Disorders

Question 1

Atherosclerosis

Answer 1

Fibrous fatty lesions (“plaques”) that form in large and medium sized vessels that result in reduced blood flow rate causing ISCHEMIA to supplied organ/tissue

Question 2

Hypertension

Answer 2

Consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure (higher than systolic BP of 140 mmHg, and diastolic BP or 90 mmHg)

Question 3

Preeclampsia

Answer 3

A complication during pregnancy characterized by hypertension, proteinuria and persistent headaches/visual disturbances

Question 4

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

Answer 4

Decrease in blood pressure within 3 minutes of moving to a standing position causing dizziness or fainting

Question 5

Aneurism

Answer 5

Local outpouching of a vessel or heart chamber commonly caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension

Question 6

Varicose veins

Answer 6

Veins where blood has pooled, causing the vessels to be distended, tortuous, and palpable

Question 7

CVI

Answer 7

Chronic venous insufficiency. Inadequate venous return over a long period of time that impairs blood flow to an area

Question 8

DVI

Answer 8

Deep vein thrombosis. Formation of blood clot/thrombus inside veins that are placed away from the surface and further into the body

Question 9

Acute coronary syndrome

Answer 9

A set of sign and symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries

Question 10

Chronic ischemic heart disease

Answer 10

Reduced blood supply to heart muscles due to blockage in coronary arteries

Question 11

Unstable angina

Answer 11

Chest pain due to decreased blood and oxygen flow to the heart, usually caused by ruptured unstable plaque which causes partial occlusion

Question 12

STEMI

Answer 12

ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Question 13

NSTEMI

Answer 13

Non ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Question 14

Cardiac biomarkers

Answer 14

Antibodies from tumours

Question 15

Stable angina pectoris

Answer 15

Chest pain

Question 16

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

Disease of the heart

Question 17

Stenosis

Answer 17

Abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body

Question 18

Dysrhythmias/arrhythmia

Answer 18

Irregular heart beat

Question 19

Ventricular fibrillation

Answer 19

Quivering of the heart which produces zero cardiac output–erratic electrical impulses and abnormal conduction pathway in damaged heart

Question 20

Heart block

Answer 20

When conduction is excessively delayed or stopped at the AV node or bundle of His

Question 21

Heart failure

Answer 21

When the heart is unable to generate adequate output

Question 22

Preload

Answer 22

Volume of blood left in the ventricles after the end of diastole

Question 23

Frank-Sterling law of the heart

Answer 23

The more stretched the ventricle wall, the greater the force of contraction will be = more blood in ventricles = greater stroke volume

Question 24

Afterload

Answer 24

Refers to the heart’s resistance to blood that is pumped out from the left ventricle

Question 25

Inotropy

Answer 25

Force of the heart muscle’s contraction

Question 26

Systolic heart failure

Answer 26

Myocardial contractility is impaired leading to ejection fraction and decreased cardiac output

Question 27

Diastolic heart failure

Answer 27

Occurs on left side of heart only, decrease in cardiac output due to decreased filling of the left ventricle during diastole

Question 28

Congestive heart failure

Answer 28

Heart’s inability to supply efficient output to systemic circulation (leads to pulmonary edema)

Question 29

Right heart failure

Answer 29

Inability of the right ventricle to move deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation (peripheral edema)

Question 30

Cor pulmonale

Answer 30

Right heart failure due to respiratory disease

Question 31

Cardiogenic shock

Answer 31

Acute failure of circulatory system to supply enough blood to body. Enough blood volume but decreased cardiac output due to less contractility, increased preload and increased afterload

Question 32

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 32

Acute failure of circulatory system due to supply adequate blood resulting in cellular hypoxia. Due to not enough blood volume

Question 33

Distributive shock

Answer 33

Acute failure of circulatory system to supply enough blood due to massive vasodilation (blood volume hasn’t increased, but space containing blood increases) resulting in decreased blood pressure (not strong enough to drive nutrients across capillary membranes to the cells)

Question 34

Neurogenic shock

Answer 34

Acute failure of the circulatory system to supply adequate blood to body, results from massive vasodilation resulting from overstimulation of the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system and understimulation of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system

Question 35

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 35

Shock caused by widespread HYPERSENSITIVITY reaction known as anaphylaxis. Massive vasodilation and vascular permeability to point of peripheral pooling and tissue edema.

Question 36

Septic shock

Answer 36

Shock due to severe INFECTION with a microorganism with two effects: microorganism releases toxins that stimulate overwhelming inflammatory response and/or there is an overwhelming inflammatory response to microorganism itself

Question 37

Obstructive shock

Answer 37

Shock that results from mechanical obstruction of flow of blood through the central circulation